A BRIEF COMPARISON OF FICHTE AND SCHELLING AS PHILOSOPHERS 303 SCHELLING’S PHILOSOPHY OF NATURE 305 SCHELLING’S TRANSCENDENTAL PHILOSOPHY 307 THE SYSTEM OF IDENTITY 310 SCHELLING’S RELIGIOUS PHILOSOPHY 311 HEGEL AND THE CULMINATION OF IDEALISM 312 WHY HEGEL REMAINS TO-DAY THE REPRESENTATIVE OF KANT 314 THE LIFE AND WRITINGS OF HEGEL (1770–1831) 315 1. Formative Period (1770–1796) 317 2. Formulation of his Philosophy (1796–1806) 317 3. Development of his Philosophy (1806–1831) 317 REALISM, MYSTICISM, AND IDEALISM 318 THE FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES OF HEGEL’S IDEALISM 321 THE COSMIC UNITY 322 THE COSMIC LAW 326 HEGEL’S APPLICATION OF HIS THEORY 328 CHAPTER XII. THE PHILOSOPHY OF THE THING-IN-ITSELF 330 HERBART AND SCHOPENHAUER 330 JOHANN FRIEDRICH HERBART 332 THE LIFE AND WRITINGS OF HERBART (1776–1841) 333 THE CONTRADICTIONS OF EXPERIENCE 334 THE ARGUMENT FOR REALISM 334 THE MANY REALS AND NATURE PHENOMENA 337 THE SOUL AND MENTAL PHENOMENA 338 ARTHUR SCHOPENHAUER AND HIS PHILOSOPHICAL RELATIONS 340 THE LIFE AND WRITINGS OF SCHOPENHAUER (1788–1860) 342 1. Period of Education (1788–1813) 343 2. Period of Literary Production (1813–1831) 343 3. Period of Retirement (1831–1860) 343 THE INFLUENCES UPON SCHOPENHAUER’S THOUGHT 343 THE WORLD AS WILL AND THE WORLD AS IDEA 345 THE WILL AS IRRATIONAL REALITY 347 THE MISERY OF THE WORLD AS IDEA――PESSIMISM 348 THE WAY OF DELIVERANCE 349 CHAPTER XIII. THE PHILOSOPHY OF THE NINETEENTH CENTURY 352 THE RETURN TO REALISM 352 THE CHARACTER OF THE REALISM OF THE NINETEENTH CENTURY 353 MODERN PHILOSOPHY AND GERMAN IDEALISM 355 THE PHILOSOPHICAL PROBLEMS OF THE NINETEENTH CENTURY 356 1. The Problem of the Functioning of the Soul 357 2. The Problem of the Conception of History 360 INDEX 365 ILLUSTRATIONS