=Charleston=, S. Carolina. 32N. 79W. The people of old Charlestown on the Ashley removed here, 1680; French and Spanish defeated, 1706; British fleet under Parker repulsed, 1776; surrendered to Clinton, 1780; evacuated by English, 1782; capture of Fort Sumter by S. Carolinians, 1861 (beginning of Civil W.); attacks on Forts Wagner and Sumter by Gen. Gillmore, 1863; town besieged till 1865, when evacuated by Confederates and national flag raised. =Charlestown=, W. Virginia. 39N. 77W. John Brown, abolitionist, hanged, 1859. =Charlestown=, Mass. 42N. 71W. Part of Boston; Bunker's Hill in; burnt by Gage, 1775; taken by British, 1779 (W. of Ind.). =Chattanooga=, Tennessee. 35N. 85W. Victory of Confederates on Chickamanga Field, Sept. 20; defeat of Confederates by Grant (Look-out Mountain and Missionary Ridge), Nov. 23-25, 1863. =Chesapeake Bay= (known to early explorers as Bay of St. Mary). 38N. 76W. Discovered by explorers sent by Q. V. de Ayllon, 1521; Verazzani off, 1524; De Ayllon in, 1526; expedition to, under Newport, in which John Smith took part, 1607; English Admiral Graves forced to retire, 1781 (W. of Ind.); sc. hostilities during war of 1814. =Chiahuitzlan=, Mexico. 39N. 30W. Cortés at, with his troops, 1519. (Prescott, 'Mexico,' op. cit.) =Chicago=, Illinois. 41N. 87W. French fur-traders at, 1654; Marquette at, 1673, and during winter 1674-5; fort built by French, 1683; abandoned when Canada ceded to English; American fort (Dearborn) built, 1804; raid and massacre by Indians, 1814; small beginning of present town laid out, 1830; terrible fire, 1871; World's Fair, 1893. =Chickahominy River=, Virginia. 37N. 77W. Explored by John Smith, 1607; a series of battles fought on, ending in victory for Confederates under Lee, 1862. (See Richmond.) =Chickamanga=, see Chattanooga. =Chickasaw Bayou=, arm of the Yazoo river. 32N. 90W. Sherman repulsed by Confederates, 1862 (Civil W.). =Chihuahua=, Mexico. 28N. 106W. Hidalgo, Mexican patriot, shot, 1811. =Chili= (Chile), S.A. 32S. 70W. Almagro as conqueror in, 1536; Valdivia invades, 1540; Santiago f. by, 1541; revolt against Spanish rule, 1810; supremacy of Spain renewed, 1814; defeat of Spaniards at Chacabuco, 1817; national independence finally proclaimed after battle of Maypo, 1818; recognised at Madrid, 1844; alliance with Peru and declaration of war with Spain, 1865-6; Valparaiso bombarded by Spanish fleet, 1866; treaty with Spain, 1879; war with Peru and Bolivia, 1879-83; Balmaceda president, 1886; revolution in and revolt of navy, 1891; complications with U.S. concerning the 'Matta Note' affair, peaceably settled, 1892. =Chiloe=, island. 42S. 73W. Spanish fleet defeated off by Peruvians and Chilians, 1866; Darwin on (see 'Voyage of the Beagle'). =Chimborazo=, see Andes. =Chincha Islands=, Peru. 13S. 76W. Seized by the Spaniards when at war with Peru, 1864; restored on conclusion of peace, 1865. =Chippawa= (or Chippewa), Ontario. 43N. 79W. Gen. Riall defeated by Americans, 1814.