Froebel and Herbart as Disciples of Pestalozzi. The Early Career and Writings of Herbart. Work at Königsberg and Göttingen. Herbart’s Psychology. The Aim, Content, and Method. The Value and Influence of Herbart’s Principles. The Extension of His Doctrines in Germany. Herbartianism in the United States. Froebel’s Early Life. His Experiences at Frankfort, Yverdon, and Berlin. The School at Keilhau. Development of the Kindergarten. Froebel’s Fundamental Concept of ‘Unity.’ Motor Expression as His Method. The Social Aspect of Education. The Kindergarten. The Value and Influence of Froebel’s Principles. The Spread of Froebelianism through Europe. The Kindergarten in the United States. The Relative Influence of Pestalozzi, Herbart, and Froebel. CHAPTER XXV THE DEVELOPMENT OF MODERN SYSTEMS 370 National Systems of Education in Europe and Canada. The Beginning of State Control in Prussia. Educational Achievements of Frederick the Great. Educational Influence of Zedlitz. Foundation of the Ministry of Education and Further Progress. The Elementary System. The Secondary System. Higher Education. Educational Development In France. The Primary School System. The Secondary System. The Institutions of Higher Education. Centralized Administration of the French Education. Early Development of English Education. Educational Movements in the Nineteenth Century. Subsequent Educational Movements. Development of Education in the Dominion of Canada. The Public School System of Ontario. The System of Ecclesiastical Schools in Quebec. CHAPTER XXVI THE SCIENTIFIC MOVEMENT AND THE CURRICULUM 397 The Development of the Natural Sciences in Modern Times. The Growth of Inventions and Discoveries in the Nineteenth Century. Herbert Spencer and _What Knowledge is of Most Worth_. Advocacy of the Sciences by Huxley and Others. The Disciplinary Argument for the Sciences. Introduction of the Sciences into Educational Institutions in Germany, France, England, and the United States. Interrelation of the Scientific with the Psychological and Sociological Movements. CHAPTER XXVII PRESENT DAY TENDENCIES IN EDUCATION 418 Recent Educational Progress. The Growth of Industrial Training. Industrial Schools in Europe. Industrial Training in the United States. Commercial Education in Europe and America. Recent Emphasis upon Agricultural Training. Moral Training in the Schools To-day. The Development of Training for Mental Defectives. Education of the Deaf and Blind. Recent Development of Educational Method; Dewey’s Experimental School. Other Experiments in Method. The Montessori Method. The Statistical Method and Mental Measurements in Education. Education and the Theory of Evolution. Enlarging Conceptions of the Function of Education. CHAPTER XXVIII PAGE