Resultant persecution of the clergy 234 1077 Violent resistance of the married clergy 236 Political complications 237 1085 Papalists and Imperialists both condemn sacerdotal marriage 239 XV.—CENTRAL EUROPE. Depression of the Catholic party—Sacerdotal marriage connived at 241 1089 Urban II. renews the persecution 242 1094 Contumacy of the German priesthood 243 1105 Deposition of Henry IV.—Germany restored to Catholic unity 244 1118-1175 Sacerdotal marriage nevertheless common 245 1092-1257 First introduction of celibacy in Hungary 248 1197-1279 Introduction of celibacy in Poland 251 1213-1248 Disregard of the canons in Sweden 252 1117-1266 Their enforcement in Denmark 253 1219-1271 Their neglect in Friesland 254 XVI.—FRANCE. 1056-1064 Efforts to introduce sacerdotal celibacy 255 1074-1078 Contumacy of the clergy 256 1080 William the Conqueror intervenes—First allusion to licenses to sin 257 Successful resistance of the Norman and Breton clergy 258 1076-1094 Troubles in Flanders 259 Confusion caused by the attempted reform 262 1095 Council of Clermont—Its canons disregarded 263 Condition of the monastic establishments 264 Hereditary transmission of benefices 265 Miracles invoked in aid of the reform 266 1119 Calixtus II. commences a new reform 267 Resistance of the Norman priesthood 268 Abelard and Heloise—Standard of morals erected by the church 269 1212 Continuance of clerical marriage 270 XVII.—NORMAN ENGLAND. 1066 Canons not enforced by William I. 271 1076 First effort made by the Council of Winchester 272 1102 St. Anselm undertakes the reform—Council of London 273 Resistance of the priests—Failure of the movement 275