1104 Henry I. uses the reform as a financial expedient 276 1108 He enforces outward obedience 277 1126 Stubborn contumacy of the priesthood 279 1129 Henry again speculates on clerical immorality 280 1138-1171 Disorders of the English church 281 Consorts of priests no longer termed wives 283 1208 King John discovers their financial value 283 Venality of the ecclesiastical officials 284 “Focariæ” still universal 285 1215 Indignation of the clergy at the reforms of Innocent III. 286 1237 Cardinal Otto and the Council of London 288 Popular poems concerning the reform 289 1250-1268 Gradual extinction of clerical marriage in England 290 Robert Grosseteste, Bishop of Lincoln 292 Fruitless legislation against concubinage 293 12th-15th C. Sacerdotal marriage in Wales 293 XVIII.—IRELAND AND SCOTLAND. Degradation of the Irish church prior to the twelfth century 295 1130-1149 Reforms of St. Malachi—Influence of Rome 296 Monastic character of the reformed church 297 1186-1320 Condition of the church in the English Pale 298 Degeneration of the Scottish Culdees 299 1124-1153 David I. reforms the church and reestablishes celibacy 300 1225-1268 Immorality of the Scottish clergy 301 XIX.—SPAIN. 11th Cent. Independent barbarism of the Spanish church—Marriage universal 302 1068-1080 Encroachments of Rome—sacerdotal marriage condemned 303 1101-1129 Reforms of Diego Gelmirez—Marriage not interfered with 305 1260 Legislation of Alfonso the Wise—Concubinage universal 308 1323 Concubinage organized as a safeguard by the laity 310 Corruption throughout the middle ages 311 XX.—GENERAL LEGISLATION. 1123 Marriage now first dissolved by Holy Orders 313 1130 The innovation not as yet enforced 314 1139 Sacerdotal marriage formally declared void by the Second Council of Lateran 315