1148 Confirmed by the Council of Rheims—Denied by Gratian 316 1150 The new doctrine receives no obedience 318 1158-1181 Alexander III. insists upon it 319 But excepts immoral ecclesiastics 320 Conflict of rules and exceptions 322 1206-1255 Case of Bossaert d’Avesnes 323 Alexander III. proposes to restore clerical marriage 325 1187-1198 Efforts of the popes to enforce the canons 326 1215 Fourth Council of Lateran—Triumph of Sacerdotalism 327 XXI.—RESULTS. Recognition of the obligation of celibacy 330 Increase of immorality 331 13th-15th C. Fruitless attempts to restrain corruption 333 1231 Recognition of children of ecclesiastics 335 1225-1416 Efforts to restrict hereditary transmission 338 1317 Recognition of concubinage 339 Successful resistance to reform 340 12th-15th C. Morals of the papal court 341 Influence on society of sacerdotal celibacy 346 Influence of monachism 357 XXII.—THE MILITARY ORDERS. 1120 Knights of St. John vowed to celibacy 362 1128 Knights of the Temple vowed to celibacy 362 1175 Knights of St. James of the Sword allowed to marry 363 1441 Marriage permitted to the Order of Calatrava 364 1496 And to the Orders of Avis and Jesus Christ 365 1167 Order of St. Michael allowed to marry once 365 Reforms attempted in the Order of St. John 366 The Teutonic Knights 366 XXIII.—THE HERESIES. Asceticism of mediæval Manichæism 367 Difficulty of combating it 369 1146 Antisacerdotalism—The Petrobrusians and Henricians 370 1148 Éon de l’Étoile 371 c. 1160 The Waldenses 372 1294 Antisacerdotalism of the Franciscans—The Fraticelli 375 1341 John of Pirna 378 1377 Wickliffe 378 1394 The Lollards denounce clerical celibacy 381 1415-1438 The Hussites—They maintain ascetic celibacy 382