We come now to consider the upper-works, and all that is above water, called the dead-work: and here the ship must be narrower, so that all the weight lying above the load-water-line will thereby be brought nearer the middle of the breadth, and of course the ship will be less strained by the working of her guns, &c. But although some advantages are acquired by diminishing the breadth above water, we must be careful not to narrow her too much; as there must be sufficient room left on the upper-deck for the guns to recoil. The security of the masts should likewise be remembered, which requires sufficient breadth to spread the shrouds. A deficiency of this sort may indeed be in some measure supplied by enlarging the breadth of the channels. With regard to the qualities required in the construction of a ship, to fit her for the various purposes of navigation, the reader is referred to the article BOTTOM. We shall now proceed to explain the sheer draught, or plane of _elevation_, of a sixty gun ship; wherein we have been attentive to make the same letters refer to the same objects, as in the explanation of the PIECES, as above; at least when the same objects are in both figures; a conduct we shall invariably pursue throughout this work, although it seems to have been forgot by our predecessors. Thus in all the plates of ship-building, the keel, whether separate or joined, is represented by A, the stern-post by B, the stem by C, the beams by D; unless where those objects do not _all_ appear, and then something else is placed instead thereof. Thus in plate III. of the deck, where the keel cannot be seen, the main hatchway is represented by A, as not being inserted in any figure wherein the keel appears. A A. The keel, whose upper edge is prolonged by the dotted line p q, upon the extremities of which are erected perpendiculars which determine the height of the wing transom, K, and length of the gun-deck, K C. A B. The stern-post. A C. The stem. D D. The quarter-gallery, with its windows. E F. The quarter-pieces, which limit the stern on each side. F. The taffarel, or upper piece of the stern. F G. Profile of the stern, with its galleries. H. The gun ports. I. The channels, with their dead-eyes and chain-plates. K. The wing-transom. K G. The counter. L B. The deck-transom. M N O. The first, second, and third transoms, of which O K is the third or lowest. _m_ O L P. The direction of the fashion-piece, having its breadth canted aft towards the stern. Q R. The main skeeds, for hoisting in the boats clear of the ship’s side. L Q Z. The main wale, with its sheer afore and abaft. D R X. The channel wales, parallel to the main wale. S U S. The sheer rail, parallel to the wales. T _t_. The rudder. A t F. The rake of the stern. V W V. The waist-rail. P _i i_. The drift-rails abaft; and _i_ a, the drift-rails forward. T U C. The water-line. X X. The rails of the head. Y. The knee of the head, or cutwater. Z Z. The cheeks of the head.