Archimedes; or, the future of physicsWhyte, Lancelot Law
Philosophy
Archimedes; or, the future of physics
Whyte, Lancelot Law
Physics
Let us take a very simple, indeed the simplest possible, example.
If two hydrogen atoms having just the correct total energy for the
formation of a hydrogen molecule have approached one another and
combined, the law describing what has happened must indicate that at
a definite moment the combination was complete and the process at an
end. This is an example of an irreversible process, since the molecule
does not _spontaneously_ break up again. Moreover, the mathematical
formulation of this process must include the definite age of the system
at which the process was complete, this age being measured from some
selected initial moment.
This process provides an interesting limitation to a principle put
forward by Maxwell as the basis of physical science. He suggested that
the laws of physics must be considered to be eternal and unchanging and
that therefore they must be expressed in a form which does not contain
the time explicitly. This means that for physical laws there can be no
difference between to-day and to-morrow. The laws are concerned with
small changes which systems undergo in small time intervals, and need
not express any fundamental distinction between one moment and another.
Such laws cannot express the fact that anything sudden ever occurs
which makes an essential change in the system as when two systems
become one, or when one system breaks up into two. The laws of organic
growth or the evolution of individual systems must display the fact
that at a certain age of the system special things happen, such as the
combination of two hydrogen atoms, or the attainment of maturity by an
organism. Maxwell’s principle puts a limitation on the form of physical
laws which precisely eliminates the laws that would be appropriate for
organisms. But there is no reason why a broader physics should not try
to frame this new type of law that would be applicable to the history
and development of individual systems, and it is probable that if this
could be done the reversible laws of Newton, Maxwell, and Einstein
would appear as approximations which were valid when nothing of special
interest was happening, i.e. when only spatial movements were involved
without synthesis, disintegration or the emission of light.
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