Changes Among the Nations--Division of Roman Empire--Constantinople--Political and Religious Facts--Unfortunate Misunderstanding between Greek and Armenian Christians--Persian Attitude--Persecution and Division--Rise and Spread of Mohammedanism--35,000 Armenian Captives--Saracen Policy of Cruelty--Armenia Humiliated, but not Crushed--Again Strong Independent Kingdom--A Period of Progress--Mongolian Tartar Tribes--A King Treacherously Dethroned--Turkish Cruelty--Armenians in Cappadocia and Cilicia--Reuben the First of Cilicia--The First Crusade--Attempt to Bring Armenian Church Under Control of Pope of Rome--Genghis Khan--Capture of Jerusalem from Crusaders--Capture of Constantinople by Crusaders--Ignominious Treatment of Christians--Christian Armenia Entirely Surrounded by Foes of Christianity--The Country Rendered Desert--An Opportunity for Victory through United Forces of Grecian and Armenian Christianity Lost--Resultant Suffering. VI. THE ARMENIAN CHURCH 102 Apostolic in Origin--National in Extent--Her Defense against Zoroastrianism--Oppressed by Mohammedans--Formalism in Greek Church--Roman Attempt at Subordination--The Election and Ordination of Armenian Bishops--Doctors of Theology--Customs of Armenian Church--Points of Difference between Armenian and Roman Churches--Church Councils and Their Decrees--Statement of Armenian Belief--Tribute to the Bible--Superiority of Armenian Translation--Greek Invasion--Saracen Desecration--Loyalty of Armenian Christians under Persecution. VII. THE PERIOD OF SUBJECTION 117 The Armenians in Cilicia--Mongolian Invaders--Condition of Western Asia--Rise and Growth of Ottoman Power--The Standing Army--Compulsory Service of Conquered Christians--A Tax of Every Fifth Child--A Military Caste--Extent of Turkish Empire--Armenian Exiles--A New Calamity--Treachery and Cruelty--“The Lord of Asia”--Crossing the Bosphorus--The Turkish Capture of Constantinople--All Europe Filled with Consternation--Luther’s Hymn Containing Prayer for Deliverance--Divisions and Famine--God’s Purpose in Sparing Armenia--Bitterness between Turkish and Persian Mohammedans--Deportation of 25,000 Families--Comparative Rest for Eighty Years--Hope for Emancipation--Russia Offers Protection--Faithless to Promises--Russian Armies in Armenia. VIII. A GENERAL SURVEY 133