In Tucana is located one of the finest globular star clusters in
the heavens, known as 47 Tucanæ. This cluster and Omega Centauri,
a globular star cluster in Centaurus, are the two nearest of all
the globular clusters. They are distant from the earth about 22,000
light-years and it is known that the combined light of the thousands
of stars of which each cluster is composed is about one million times
that of our own sun.
In the western sky in the southern hemisphere in February may be seen
the brilliant, white, first-magnitude star Achernar in the river
Eridanus, the long, winding constellation that, we recall, starts
near the brilliant Rigel in Orion and disappears from the view of
northern observers below the southern horizon, extending its course
far into the southern hemisphere. Achernar means "The End of the
River" and this is nearly its position in the constellation.
Though Argo Navis is the largest and most important constellation of
the southern hemisphere, Crux, The Southern Cross, far-famed in story
and legend as well as for its historical associations, is beyond a
doubt the most popular.
The best time to view the Southern Cross is in June or July when
it is near the meridian. It is not seen to advantage in the months
of January or February. It then lies on its side and close to the
horizon and therefore is dimmed by atmospheric haze so that it almost
invariably is a disappointing object to the tourist from the north
who usually views it for the first time in one of these months. The
Cross is viewed to advantage in the latitude of Rio or Valparaiso
and it is best seen from the Straits where it rides high overhead.
It is not seen to advantage from the latitudes of Cuba or Jamaica.
It is small, only 6° in extent from north to south and less in width
and it lies in the most brilliant portion of the Milky Way which is
here a narrow stream only three or four degrees wide. Directly below
the Cross is the noted Coal Sack, apparently a yawning chasm in the
midst of its brilliant surroundings though probably in reality a dark
nebula. Viewed with the telescopes a number of stars are to be seen
projected on this dark background.
The Southern Cross is to the inhabitants of the southern hemisphere
what the Big Dipper is to those who dwell in the northern
hemisphere--an infallible timepiece. The upright of the Cross points
toward the south pole of the heavens which lies in a region where
there is a singular dearth of bright stars, the nearest star to the
south pole being a faint fifth-magnitude star called Sigma Octantis.
When seen in the southeast or southwest the Cross lies on its side,
but when passing the meridian it stands nearly upright. Humboldt,
referring to this fact, says:
"How often have we heard our guides exclaim in the savannahs of
Venezuela and in the desert extending from Lima to Truxillo,
'Midnight is past, the Cross begins to bend.'"
Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.
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