=Nephritis.=--A single case of nephritis successfully treated by blood transfusion has been recorded by Ramsay. The patient, a man aged 22, had been ill for ten days. He was slightly drowsy and had a furred tongue. His systolic blood pressure was 100 mm. and diastolic 60. His urine had a specific gravity of 1010, and contained much albumin and many granular casts, but no blood cells. Vomiting was incessant. On the second day after admission he passed 2 ozs. of urine and his systolic blood pressure fell to 90 mm., his diastolic to 40 mm. His low blood pressure and the evident imminence of suppression of urine suggested the administration of blood; he was accordingly given 1,140 cc. of fresh blood. His blood pressure immediately rose to 100 mm. systolic, and 50 mm. diastolic, and the other symptoms abated. He passed 24 ozs. of urine during the ensuing twenty-four hours. He was afterwards treated with alkalies, intravenously and by the mouth, and his condition steadily improved. It cannot be inferred from the evidence that his recovery is to be attributed entirely to the transfusion, but it appears to have been initiated by this treatment, which was a reasonable one in view of the symptoms. No other similar cases have as yet been recorded. =Carbon Monoxide Poisoning.=--In any condition in which the function of a large proportion of the red blood cells as oxygen carriers has been temporarily destroyed or impaired, it is a rational procedure to replace as many of them as possible with normal red cells. The evidence that transfused blood cells can carry out their functions in their new host has been given on another page. In carbon monoxide poisoning the oxyhæmoglobin has been converted into carboxyhæmoglobin, which is more stable than the oxygen compound, and therefore useless for purposes of respiratory exchange. Undoubtedly the ideal treatment for carbon monoxide poisoning is by putting the patient in a specially constructed chamber in which he can breathe oxygen under a pressure of about three atmospheres. By this means the carboxyhæmoglobin is dissociated and replaced by oxyhæmoglobin. An oxygen chamber is usually not available, though a very useful substitute may be tried in the shape of a Haldane’s oxygen mask. Failing this, there is evidence to show that a blood transfusion is an effective form of treatment. Nevertheless, although poisoning with coal gas is by no means a rare event, this treatment does not seem to have had the attention it undoubtedly deserves. Transfusion was first used for carbon monoxide poisoning by Hüter in 1870, who was able to record a case in which recovery appeared to have been due to the treatment. It was also advocated by Lauder Brunton in 1873. After this date recorded cases are few, but in 1916 Burmeister put this form of treatment on a more scientific basis by direct experiment. Using rabbits and dogs he showed that if the animals treated with coal gas were transfused without a venesection, 75 per cent.