TRANSPORTATION. I. RIVER AND ROAD 123 Early Water Communication—Waterways Penetrating Interior— Great rivers—Early roads—New Automobile highways II. RAIL 129 First Railroad Planning—First Construction—Coffee Railways— Climbing the Mountain Barrier—Work in Empire and Republic— Borrowing—Linking Centres—Radiating Lines—Roads Serving States, South to North—Brazil Railway Company—The Central Line—Leopoldina—Bahia Roads—Great Western—Northern Lines— Roads Passing Falls—Financial Conditions—Status of Ownership— Future Lines. III. SHIPPING 161 Steamship River Service—Sea Communication—Nationality of Lines—Brazilian Mercantile Marine. CHAPTER V INDUSTRIES 167 The Coffee Industry of Brazil—The Rubber Industry of the Amazon—The Meat Industry: Cattle Raising and Packing-Houses— Cotton Growing and Weaving—Herva Matte—Sugar—Tobacco—Wheat— Fibres—Cacao—Mining—Brazilian Manufactures: Artificial Industries; Industrial Centres; Capital; National Industries Competing with Importations; Imposts; Factories of São Paulo; Textiles; Locality of Mills in Brazil; Labour and Consumption of Material; National Dyes; Water power. CHAPTER VI FINANCE. I. CURRENCY 276 Value of the milreis—Fluctuations—Caixa de Conversão— Convertible and Inconvertible Paper—Emergency Issues—Treasury Bills—Paper Currency, at Different Dates—Metal Coinage— Effects of Fallen Exchange. II. INVESTMENTS 285 Blood, Brains and Money—British Investments—Railways—Public Utilities and Industrials—External Loans—French Investments— German Work—North American Interests—Banks in Brazil. III. State Debts—Municipal Debts—Federal Debts—Funding Loans— Resumption of Specie Payments—Sources of State and Federal Revenue. 297 CHAPTER VII THE WORLD’S HORTICULTURAL AND MEDICINAL DEBT TO BRAZIL 306 Brazilian Origin of Well-known Flowers—First Botanists—Piso and Marcgrav—Loudon’s Hortus—Gardner—Orchids—Cattley—Flowers and Shrubs—Fruits—Medicines—Ipecacuanha—Copaiba—Jaborandi— Guaraná—Native Remedies—Mineral Waters. CHAPTER VIII BRAZIL’S EXTERIOR COMMERCE 316 Dominant Districts and Industries—Figures of Ten-year Periods of Commerce—The Nine Principal Articles—São Paulo’s Share— United States Purchases—Imports—Their Origin—Balance of Trade.