There are four particles used to form the plural. They are placed immediately after the noun they pluralize and before the particles which indicate case. These four particles are _tachi_, _xu_, _domo_, and _ra_. The first, _tachi_, forms the plural of those noble things which one wishes to honor; e.g., _tono tachi_ 'lords.' The particle _xu_ forms the plural for noble things but not those of the highest rank; e.g., _samurai xu_ 'nobles (_nobiles_), but not lords (_domini_).' The particle _domo_ is suffixed to words which indicate humble things, either abstract, animate, or inanimate; e.g., _fiacuxó domo_ 'farmer,' _ixi domo_ 'stones,' _mma domo_ 'horses.' The particle _ra_ forms the plural of nouns which indicate very low things which are to be despised; e.g., _Iudeo ra_ 'Jews.'[56] The case particles which are required by the sentence are placed after the pluralizing particles; e.g., _tono tachi no coto domo vo varú iú na_ 'don't speak badly about the Lords' affairs.' There are some words that are plural in themselves; e.g., _tomo gara_ means 'men,' _Nan ban mono_ 'European things,' _Nan ban mono vo fomuru na_ 'don't praise European things.' The particle _icani_, which as has been indicated above forms the vocative, is not placed after but always before the pronouns which are {114} made plural, while the particles which form the plural are placed after; e.g., _icani Padre tachi vo qiqi nasare io_ 'listen to the priests.' But two of the four particles which form the plural, _domo_ and _ra_, are with certain words singular. _Varera_ and _midomo_ mean 'I.' Sometimes both are found together in the singular; e.g., _midomora_ 'I,' _midomora ga_ 'my, or mine.' The particles _domo_ and _ra_ are also (9 suffixed to the singular when one wishes to humiliate the thing mentioned; e.g., _hara domo ga itai_ 'I have a stomach ache,' _asu domo va aru mai_ 'tomorrow will not come,' _asu ra va naró mode_ 'tomorrow will perhaps not come.' The particle _va_ is suffixed to singular and plural nouns which already have a particle; e.g., _coco ie va mairanu_ 'he will not come here,' _coco cara va denu_ 'he did not go out from here,' _coco ni va aru mai_ 'he will not enter here.' Sometimes _va_ replaces the particles of the declension; e.g., _fune de saie ióió tçuita ni, cachi va nacanaca naru mai_ (119v) 'I arrived with such difficulty by ship: I would undoubtedly never have arrived had I come by foot, or on foot.'[57] The particle _va_ here replaces _cara_.