§ 1. _Meaning, authority, and origin of customs_, 51. § 2. _Means of enforcing custom_:--Public approval, taboos, rituals, force, 54. § 3. _Conditions which render group control conscious_:--Educational customs, 57; law and justice, 59; danger or crisis, 64. § 4. _Values and defects of customary morality_:--Standards, motives, content, organization of character, 68. V. FROM CUSTOM TO CONSCIENCE; FROM GROUP MORALITY TO PERSONAL MORALITY 73 § 1. _Contrast and collision_, 73. § 2. _Sociological agencies in the transition_:--Economic forces, 76; science and the arts, 78; military forces, 80; religious forces, 81. § 3. _Psychological agencies_:--Sex, 81; private property, 83; struggles for mastery and liberty, 84; honor and esteem, 85. § 4. _Positive reconstruction_, 89. VI. THE HEBREW MORAL DEVELOPMENT 91 § 1. _General character and determining principles_:--The Hebrew and the Greek, 91; Political and economic factors, 92. § 2. _Religious agencies_:--Covenant, 94; personal law-giver, 95; cultus, 97; prophets, 99; the kingdom, 100. § 3. _Moral conceptions attained_:--Righteousness and sin, 102; responsibility, 104; purity of motive, 105; the ideal of "life," 107; the social ideal, 108. VII. THE MORAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE GREEKS 111 § 1. _The fundamental notes_:--Convention versus nature, 111; measure, 112; good and just, 113. § 2. _Intellectual forces of individualism_:--The scientific spirit, 114. § 3. _Commercial and political individualism_:--Class interests, 119; why obey laws? 122. § 4. _Individualism and ethical theory_:--The question formulated, 124; individualistic theories, 126. § 5. _The deeper view of nature and the good, of the individual and the social order_:--Aristotle on the natural, 127; Plato's ideal state, 129; passion or reason, 131; eudæmonism and the mean, 134; man and the cosmos, 135. § 6. _The conception of the ideal_:--Contrast with the actual, 136; ethical significance, 138. § 7. _The conception of the self, of character and responsibility_:--The poets, 138; Plato and the Stoics, 140. VIII. THE MODERN PERIOD 142