§ 1. _The mediæval ideals_:--Groups and class ideals, 143; the church ideal, 145. § 2. _Main lines of modern development_, 147. § 3. _The old and new in the beginnings of individualism_, 149. § 4. _Individualism in the progress of liberty and democracy_:--Rights, 151. § 5. _Individualism as affected by the development of industry, commerce, and art_:--Increasing power and interests, 153; distribution of goods, 157; industrial revolution raises new problems, 159. § 6. _The individual and the development of intelligence_:--The Renaissance, 163; the Enlightenment, 165; the present significance of scientific method, 167. IX. A GENERAL COMPARISON OF CUSTOMARY AND REFLECTIVE MORALITY 171 § 1. _Elements of agreement and continuity_:--Régime of custom, 172; persistence of group morality, 173; origin of ethical terms, 175. § 2. _Elements of contrast_:--Differentiation of the moral, 177; observing _versus_ reflecting, 178; the higher law, 181; deepening of meaning, 182. § 3. _Opposition between individual and social aims and standards_:--Withdrawal from the social order, 184; individual emancipation, 186. § 4. _Effects upon the individual character_:--Increased possibilities of evil as well as of good, 187. § 5. _Moral differentiation and the social order_:--Effects on the family, 193; on industry and government, 194; on religion, 195; general relation of religion to morality, 197. PART II THEORY OF THE MORAL LIFE X. THE MORAL SITUATION 201 Distinguishing marks of the moral situation, 201; Traits of voluntary activity, 202; The good and bad in non-voluntary behavior, 203; Indifferent voluntary conduct, 205; The moral is introduced when ends have conflicting values, 207; Selection then depends upon, and influences, the nature of the self, 209. XI. PROBLEMS OF MORAL THEORY 212 Theory grows from practical problems, 212; Three typical problems of reflective practice, 213; Corresponding problems of theory, 214; Their historical sequence, 215; Growth of individualism, 220; The two types of individualism, 221. XII. TYPES OF MORAL THEORY 224