So much for the features of unappropriated nature, stereotyped, as it were, at once and for ever, in the old names of local scenery. But as into a landscape an artist will inoculate his sentiment and symbolise his fancy, so on the face of the earth men are fond to stamp the trace of their habitation and their history. Under this influence the nomenclature of topography becomes at once changed from a picture of natural scenery to a record of human fortunes. And in this department it is plain that the less varied and striking the features of nature, the greater the necessity of marking places by the artificial differentiation produced by the presence of human dwellings. Hence, in the flat, monotonous plains of North Germany, the abundance of places ending in _hausen_ and _heim_, which are only the Saxon forms of our English _house_ and _home_. Of the termination _hausen_, SACHSENHAUSEN, the home of the Saxons, and FRANKENHAUSEN, the home of the Franks, are amongst the most notable examples. _Heim_ is pleasantly associated with refreshing draughts in HOCHHEIM, _i.e._ high home, on the north bank of the Rhine a little below Mainz, whence a sharp, clear wine being imported, with the loss of the second syllable, and the transformation of _ch_ into _k_, produced the familiar hock. This _heim_ in a thousand places of England becomes _ham_, but in Scotland, where the Celtic element prevails, appears only rarely in the south-east and near the English border, as in COLDINGHAM and EDNAM--the birthplace of the poet Thomson--contracted from Edenham. Another root very widely expressive of human habitation, under the varying forms of _beth_, _bo_, and _by_, is scattered freely from the banks of Jordan to the islands of the Hebrides in the north-west of Scotland. First under this head we have the great army of Hebrew _beths_, not a few of which are familiar to our ear from the cherished teachings of early childhood, as--BETHABARA, the house of the ferry; BETHANY, the house of dates; BETHAVEN, the house of naughtiness; BETHCAR, the house of lambs; BETHDAGON, the house of the fish-god Dagon; BETHEL, the house of God; BETHSHEMESH, the house of the sun (like the Greek Heliopolis); and a score of others. _Bo_ is the strictly Danish form of the root, at least in the dictionary, where the verb _boe_, to dwell, also appears. Examples of this are found in SKIBO, in Ross-shire, and BUNESS, at the extreme end of Unst, the seat of the Edmonstones, a family well known in the annals of Shetland literature; but more generally, in practice, it takes the softened form of _by_, as in hundreds of local designations in England, specially in Lincolnshire, where the Danes were for a long time at home. Near the English border, as in LOCKERBY, this same termination appears; otherwise in Scotland it is rare. In the Sclavonic towns of Mecklenburg and Prussia, it takes the form of _bus_, as in PYBUS, while in Cornish it is _bos_, which is a later form of _bod_ (German _bude_, English