(_b_) _Palæontological._—The antiquity of man as evidenced by fossil and semi-fossilised remains, including the geological evidence. (_c_) _Physiological and Psychological._—The comparative study of the bodily functions and mental processes. (_d_) _Ethnological._—The comparative study of the physical characters which distinguish the various races and sub-races of man. Classification of the human race in accordance with physical and psychical characters. Geographical distribution of the varieties of mankind. The influence of environment on physique. _B._—CULTURAL ANTHROPOLOGY (Ethnology of some writers). (_a_) _Archæological._—The antiquity of man as revealed by the earliest remains of his handiwork. The prehistoric periods; their characteristics, sequence, and duration. The survival of early conditions of culture in later times (Folklore). (_b_) _Technological._—The comparative study of arts and industries; their origin, development, and geographical distribution. (_c_) _Sociological._—The comparative study of social phenomena and organisation. Birth, education, marriage, and death customs and systems. Social and religious associations. Government and laws. Moral ideas and codes. Magical and religious ideas and practices. (_d_) _Linguistic._—The comparative study of language. (_e_) _Ethnological._—The comparative study and classification of peoples based upon cultural conditions and characteristics. The influence of environment upon culture. ------------------------------------------------------------------------ CHAPTER I. THE PIONEERS OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY [Sidenote: =Definition of the word “Anthropology.”=] ARISTOTLE, “the father of them that know,” as Dante called him, is credited with having coined the word “anthropologist”; but he did not employ it in a very complimentary sense. Describing a lofty-minded man in his _Ethics_, he terms him ουκ ανθρωπολογος—not a gossip, not a talker about himself. But the word does not seem to have supplied a permanent want in the Greek world, and we meet it next in a Latin form in the sixteenth century. _Anthropologium_ was then used in a restricted sense, relating to man’s bodily structure; and the first work in which it occurs is generally stated to be Magnus Hundt’s _Anthropologium de hominis dignitate_, which appeared in 1501, and dealt in a general way with human anatomy and physiology.