History of English Literature from "Beowulf" to SwinburneLang, Andrew
History
History of English Literature from "Beowulf" to Swinburne
Lang, Andrew
English literature -- History and criticism
In a song of the gleeman at Hrothgar's house in "Beowulf," there are
obscure references to the slaying of Hnæf, brother of Hildeburh, wife
of the Frisian King Finn, and the slaying of Hildeburh's own sons by
the men of Hnæf, in a fight within the royal hall of Finn. They are all
burned together on the funeral pyre, while Hildeburh weeps for sons
and brother. A fragment of an Anglo-Saxon epic on this affair exists
only in one copy, the original is lost. It is a complicated story of
slayings and revenges among folk akin by marriage, and the interest
clearly lay in the tragic situation of Hildeburh, who owes vengeance
against her husband, Finn, and also against the family of her brother,
who have slain her sons. As Hildeburh returns to her own people, the
Danes, after her husband is killed, she probably preferred her own
blood kindred to those of her husband.
[1] The best versions for English readers of these splendid stories are
to be found in "The Volsungs and the Niblungs," translated by William
Morris and Magnusson, and in "The Corpus Poeticum Boreale," with
translations by F. York Powell and Vigfusson.
[2] This form of verse has been described thus by Prof. Saintsbury:--
"The staple line of this verse consists of two halves or sections, each
containing two 'long,' 'strong,' 'stressed,' 'accented' syllables,
these same syllables being, to the extent of three out of the four,
alliterated. At the first casting of the eye on a page of Anglo-Saxon
poetry no common resemblance except these seem to emerge, but we see
on some pages an altogether extraordinary difference in the lengths
of the lines, or, in other words, of the number of 'short,' 'weak,'
'unstressed,' 'unaccented' syllables, which are allowed to group
themselves round the pivots or posts of the rhythm, that is, round the
syllables on which strong stress is laid."
The eye and ear of the reader soon find out the essential facts of
the measures; the strong pause in the middle of each verse, the
alliteration, the accent, and the great variety in the number of the
syllables which are slurred, or not dwelt upon, in each case. The
poetry avoids rhymes, except in "The Rhyming Poem," later than King
Alfred's time, and in two or three Other instances.
[3] The words are:--
Ic me mid Hruntinge
dóm gewyrce, otthe mec death nimeth.
I (Ic, German _Ich_) with (German _mit_) _Hrunting_, glory will win,
otherwise (_otthe_) me (_mec_) death taketh (_nimmeth_), German
_nehmen_ ("to take").
[4] Translated from a lost German form; the Latin is of the tenth
century, by Ekkehard of St. Gall.
CHAPTER II.
ANGLO-SAXON CHRISTIAN POETRY.
Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.
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