Origin of Bathing—Early Greek Baths—Roman Private Baths—Public Baths of Rome—Ruins of Baths of Caracalla—Description of the Thermæ—The Thermæ of Titus at Rome—Baths of Pompeii—Heating Water for Roman Baths—Thermæ of Titus Restored 37 CHAPTER V Fall of the Roman Empire—Succeeding Period Known as the Dark Ages—Sanitation During the Dark Ages—Beginning of Material Progress in Sanitation—Pilgrimage to Juggernaut—Water Supply in Paris—London Water Supply—Aqueduct of Zempoala, Mexico 63 CHAPTER VI Introduction of Pumping Machinery into Waterworks Practice—The Archimedes Screw—Use of Pumps in Hanover, Germany—First London Pump on London Bridge—Savery and Newcomen's Pumping Engine—The Hydraulic Ram—Pumping Engines Erected for the Philadelphia Waterworks—Pipes for Distributing Water—Hydrants and Valves for Wooden Pipes—Data Regarding the Use of Wooden Pipes—Modern Pumping Engines 77 CHAPTER VII Early British Sewers—Sewer in the Great Hall of Westminster—Shape of Early English Sewers—Adoption or Recommendation of Pipe Sewers—Early Paris Sewers—Paris Sewers of To-day—Lack of Sewage Data in America—Effect of Memphis Epidemics on Sanitary Progress 85 CHAPTER VIII Sanitary Awakening—Realization of the Danger of Unwholesome Water—Cholera in London Traced to the Broad Street Pump—An Historical Stink 91 CHAPTER IX Introduction of Water Filters—Striking Example of the Efficiency and Value—Cholera at Altona and Hamburg—Purification of Sewage—The Automatic Scavenger of Mouras—Investigations of the Massachusetts State Board of Health—Garbage Destruction 109 CHAPTER X Modern and Recent Plumbing Fixtures—Passing of the Marble Lavatory—Public Wash Houses—Public Comfort Stations—Conclusion 119 List of Illustrations Page 1 Rebekah at the Well 2 2 Well at the Rancho Chack 4 3 Ancient Roman Fountain at Corinth 6 4 The Cisterns at Carthage 7 5 Pole and Bucket for Raising Water 8 6 Ruins of Ancient Cisterns 8 7 Old Roman Water-Wheel 9 8 Water Carrier with Jar 9 9 Water Carrier with Goat-Skin Bag 11 10 Pool of Siloam 12 11 Pool of Solomon 13 12 Aqueduct near Tunis, Leading to Ancient Carthage 14 13 Ancient Roman Well 15 14 Ruins of a Roman Aqueduct 17 15 Distant View of the Claudia Aqueduct 18 16 Near View of the Claudia Aqueduct 19 17 Aqueduct in Ruins, Ephesus 20 18 Roman Aqueduct, Segovia, Spain 22 19 Water Tower and Roman Ruins, Chester, England 23 20 Roman Water Pipes, made of Bored-out Blocks of Stone 24 21 Trophies of Marius 25 22 Old Roman Lead and Terra Cotta Pipe 26 23 The Women's Baths, Pompeii 28 24 The Cloaca Maxima. From an old woodcut 31 25 The Cloaca Maxima. From a recent photograph 32 26 Egyptian Lady Having Head Sprayed, 1700 B. C. 33 27 Greek Women Bathing 34 28 Greek Bath Tubs 34