We are now in the midst of a controversy respecting the mode of government of the world, whether it be by incessant divine intervention, or by the operation of primordial and unchangeable law. The intellectual movement of Christendom has reached that point which Arabism had attained to in the tenth and eleventh centuries; and doctrines which were then discussed are presenting themselves again for review; such are those of Evolution, Creation, Development. Offered under these general titles, I think it will be found that all the essential points of this great controversy are included. By grouping under these comprehensive heads the facts to be considered, and dealing with each group separately, we shall doubtless acquire clear views of their inter-connection and their historical succession. I have treated of these conflicts as nearly as I conveniently could in their proper chronological order, and, for the sake of completeness, have added chapters on-- An examination of what Latin Christianity has done for modern civilization. A corresponding examination of what Science has done. The attitude of Roman Christianity in the impending conflict, as defined by the Vatican Council. The attention of many truth-seeking persons has been so exclusively given to the details of sectarian dissensions, that the long strife, to the history of which these pages are devoted, is popularly but little known. Having tried to keep steadfastly in view the determination to write this work in an impartial spirit, to speak with respect of the contending parties, but never to conceal the truth, I commit it to the considerate judgment of the thoughtful reader. JOHN WILLIAM DRAPER UNIVERSITY, NEW YORK, December, 1873. HISTORY OF THE CONFLICT BETWEEN RELIGION AND SCIENCE. CHAPTER I. THE ORIGIN OF SCIENCE. Religious condition of the Greeks in the fourth century before Christ.--Their invasion of the Persian Empire brings them in contact with new aspects of Nature, and familiarizes them with new religious systems.--The military, engineering, and scientific activity, stimulated by the Macedonian campaigns, leads to the establishment in Alexandria of an institute, the Museum, for the cultivation of knowledge by experiment, observation, and mathematical discussion.--It is the origin of Science. GREEK MYTHOLOGY. No spectacle can be presented to the thoughtful mind more solemn, more mournful, than that of the dying of an ancient religion, which in its day has given consolation to many generations of men.