THE AGE OF LUZZATTO, EIBESCHÜTZ, AND FRANK. Poetical Works of Moses Chayim Luzzatto--Luzzatto ensnared in the Kabbala--His Contest with Rabbinical Authorities-- Luzzatto's Last Drama--Jonathan Eibeschütz--Character and Education of Eibeschütz--His Relations with the Jesuits in Prague--The Austrian War of Succession--Expulsion of the Jews from Prague--Eibeschütz becomes Rabbi of Altona--Jacob Emden--Eibeschütz charged with Heresy--The Controversy between Emden and Eibeschütz--The Amulets--Party Strife-- Interference by Christians and the Civil Authorities--Revival of Sabbatianism--Jacob Frank Lejbowicz and the Frankists-- The Doctrine of the Trinity--Excesses of the Frankists _page_ 232 1727-1760 C. E. CHAPTER VIII. THE MENDELSSOHN EPOCH. Renaissance of the Jewish Race--Moses Mendelssohn--His Youth--Improves Hebrew Style--Lessing and Mendelssohn --Mendelssohn's Writings--The Bonnet-Lavater Controversy --Kölbele--The Burial Question--Reimarus--Anonymous Publication of his Work--Lessing's "Nathan the Wise"-- Mendelssohn in "Nathan"--Mendelssohn's Pentateuch-- Opposition to it--The "Berlin Religion"--Montesquieu-- Voltaire--Portuguese Marranos in Bordeaux--Isaac Pinto --His Defense of Portuguese Jews--Dohm and Mendelssohn-- Joseph II of Austria--Michaelis--Mendelssohn's "Jerusalem" --Wessely: his Circular Letter--Mendelssohn's Death _page_ 291 1750-1786 C. E. CHAPTER IX. THE NEW CHASSIDISM. The Alliance of Reason with Mysticism--Israel Baalshem, his Career and Reputation--Movement against Rabbinism--The "Zaddik"--Beer Mizricz, his Arrogance and Deceptions-- The Devotional Methods of the Chassidim--Their Liturgy-- Dissolution of the Synods "of the Four Countries"--Cossack Massacres in Poland--Elijah Wilna, his Character and Method of Research--The Mizricz and Karlin Chassidim-- Circumstances prove Favorable to the Spread of the New Sect-- Vigorous Proceedings against them in Wilna--Death of Beer Mizricz--Progress of Chassidism despite the Persecution of its Opponents _page_ 374 1750-1786 C. E. CHAPTER X. THE MEASFIM AND THE JUDÆO-CHRISTIAN SALON. The Progressionists--The Gatherer (Meassef)--David Mendes --Moses Ensheim--Wessely's Mosaid--Marcus Herz-- Solomon Maimon--Culture of the Berlin Jews--Influence of French Literature--First Step for Raising the Jews--The Progressive and Orthodox Parties--The Society of Friends-- Friedländer and Conversion--Depravity of Berlin Jewesses-- Henrietta Herz--Humboldt--Dorothea Mendelssohn--Schlegel --Rachel--Schleiermacher--Chateaubriand _page_ 395 1786-1791 C. E. CHAPTER XI. THE FRENCH REVOLUTION AND THE EMANCIPATION OF THE JEWS.