Ilex cassine, the aboriginal North American tea: $b Its history, distribution, and use among the native North American IndiansHale, Edwin M. (Edwin Moses)
Religion
Ilex cassine, the aboriginal North American tea: $b Its history, distribution, and use among the native North American Indians
Hale, Edwin M. (Edwin Moses)
Aquifoliaceae; Black drink; Ilex vomitoria; Indians of North America -- Food -- Southern States
The great war chief’s seat or place is in the same cabin with
and immediately to the left hand of the king and next to the
white people; and to the right hand of the mico or king the
most venerable headmen and warriors are seated. The assembly
being now seated in order, and the house illuminated, two
middle-aged men, who perform the office of slaves or servants
_pro tempore_, come in together at the door, each having very
large conch shells full of black drink, and advance with
slow, uniform, and steady steps, their eyes or countenance
lifted up, singing very low but sweetly; they come within 6
or 8 paces of the king’s and white people’s cabin, when they
stop together, and each rests his shell on a tripod or little
table, but presently takes it up again, and bowing very low,
advances obsequiously, crossing or intersecting each other
about midway; he who rested his shell before the white people
now stands before the king, and the other, who stopped before
the king, stands before the white people, when each presents
his shell, one to the king and the other to the chief of the
white people; and as soon as he raises it to his mouth, the
slave utters or sings two notes, each of which continues as
long as he has breath, and as long as these notes continue
so long must the person drink, or at least keep the shell to
his mouth. These two long notes are very solemn, and at once
strike the imagination with a religious awe or homage to the
Supreme, sounding somewhat like a hoo-ojah and a he-yah. After
this manner the whole assembly are treated as long as the drink
or light continues to hold out; and as soon as the drinking
begins, tobacco and pipes are brought.
Mark Catesby (_Hortus americanus_, 1763) describes the _Ilex cassine_
as follows:
This shrub usually rises from the ground with several stems to
the height of 12 feet, shooting into many upright, slender,
stiff branches, covered with a whitish, smooth bark, and set
alternately with small evergreen serrated leaves, resembling
those of the Aleternus; its flowers are small and white, and
grow promiscuously among the leaves, and are succeeded by small
spherical berries on short footstalks. These berries turn red
in October and remain so all winter, whereby with the green
leaves and white bark they produce an elegant appearance.
Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.
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