Indian slavery in colonial times within the present limits of the United StatesLauber, Almon Wheeler
History
Indian slavery in colonial times within the present limits of the United States
Lauber, Almon Wheeler
Indians of North America; Indians, Treatment of -- United States; Slavery -- United States; Thesis (Ph. D.)
The employment to which the Indian slave was put by his Indian owner
depended largely upon the section in which the tribe resided. Their
use as domestic servants was probably common. Father Fremin tells of a
young Iroquois woman who possessed more than twenty personal slaves,
whose duty it was to get wood, draw water, cook, and do all other
services which their mistress might direct. On the death of the owner
who was a Christian, her mother desired that the missionary instruct a
sick slave in his religion, so that after death the slave might attend
her former mistress in Heaven and perform the same services for her as
she had done on earth.[55] Among the Illinois, La Hontan found that two
hours after sunset, the slaves covered the fires in the lodge before
going to rest.[56] Bartram mentions a southern chief, who had attending
him as slaves many Yamasee captives who had been captured by him when
young.[57]
Le Jeune found the Huron and Ottawa Indian slaves engaged in minor
household duties.[58] In the northwest, enslaved women and children
performed the same labor.[59] One other use to which the young women
and girls were put, if they did not marry into the tribe, was to serve
as the mistresses of their owners.[60]
All the tribes east of the Mississippi River and south of the St.
Lawrence River and the Great Lakes practiced agriculture to some
extent. They all raised corn, beans, squashes and melons.[61]
Consequently the captive slaves worked in the fields with the members
of the tribe, caring for the maize and vegetables. The Iroquois used
their captives in tilling the fields.[62] Captain John Smith, in
speaking of Powhatan’s tribe, states that they made war, “not for lands
and goods, but for women and children, whom they put not to death, but
kept as captives, in which captivity they were made to do service.”[63]
A part of this service consisted in caring for the crops. The Indians
of North Carolina kept their slaves at work in the fields.[64] Soto
found that the Indians among whom he passed had many foreign slaves
whom they employed in tilling the ground.[65] Among the Illinois, La
Hontan found the women slaves employed in sowing and reaping.[66]
Slaves were also employed in mining, hunting, fishing, and whatever
menial tasks needed to be done about the camp. But few of the tribes
worked mines to any extent, yet Joutel, 1687, found the Cenis Indians
working slaves in their mines.[67] Hunting and fishing were more
important occupations, since they furnished food for the tribe. Among
the Iroquois,[68] Huron,[69] Ottawa,[70] and Illinois,[71] such work
was partly done by the slaves who often worked with their masters. In
the northwest the slave assisted his master in paddling, fishing and
hunting. He cut wood, carried water, aided in building houses, etc.[72]
Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.
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