I. _Russia._ 1. Treatment of the Jews after the partitions of Poland 56 2. Pale of Jewish Settlement: special Jewish laws 57 3. Attitude of Russian government toward the Jews 57 4. Alexander II and liberalism 58 5. Reaction: antagonism to the Jews 59 6. Economic attack: the May Laws 60 7. Effect of the May Laws 61 8. Educational restrictions: the "percentage rule" 62 9. _Pogroms: pogroms of 1881-2_ 63 10. Expulsions from Moscow 64 11. Nicholas II: anti-Jewish agitation: Kishineff 64 12. War and revolution: effect upon the Jews 65 13. _Pogroms_ as counter-revolution 66 14. Results: economic and social pressure 67 15. Jewish policy of reactionary regime 68 II. _Roumania._ 1. Early legal status of the Jews 69 2. Convention of Paris 69 3. Anti-Jewish activities of the government: Article VII 70 4. Berlin Congress 70 5. Article 44 of the Berlin Treaty 71 6. The revised Article VII 71 7. Legal status of the Jews fixed 72 8. Campaign of discrimination 73 9. Exclusion of Jews from economic activities 73 10. Educational restrictions: restrictions to professional service 74 11. Political basis of anti-Jewish policy 75 12. Results: economic and social pressure 76 13. Jewish policy of Roumanian government: Hay's circular note 76