Life and literature in the Roman republicFrank, Tenney
History
Life and literature in the Roman republic
Frank, Tenney
Latin literature -- History and criticism; Rome -- Intellectual life
Tragedy, however, needed an easy line of moderate length for its ordinary
dialogues, and several meters in different moods to carry the monologues,
songs, and emotional dialogues. For these Livius and Naevius, as we have
noticed, had taken over and adapted a large number of Greek verse-forms.
Now the adaptation of a foreign meter is a very serious matter. It
took English poetry hundreds of years to merge French and old English
rhythms, as it took France centuries to find a satisfactory adaptation
of the medieval Latin systems. The labor of reshaping Greek meters for
use in Latin was all the more difficult at the time because the Latin
language happened to be just then at a critical point in its accentual
development. The Greek word-accent had but very slight stress, so that
quantity was permitted to determine verse-rhythm. In Latin, also, the
quantity of the vowel and the syllable was still the dominant element
at this time, indeed determined the position of the word accent, and
was responsible for the penultimate accent rule that prevailed in most
words during the century in which Naevius wrote. Latin must have been
nearly as precise in the observance of longs and shorts as Greek. But
the difficulty was that the stress of the word accent had also been a
marked factor in Latin pronunciation for some time. Now in forming or
introducing new rhythms the Latin poets would have to choose either
stress or quantity as the decisive element on which to build and force
the other element to comply. This is a choice that very few languages
have imposed upon their poets. In English there was of course no such
decision necessary since our accent remained a strong stress while our
syllabic quantities, in the mingling of Germanic and French, became
so completely confused that the values of half of them are hardly
determinable by ear. This difference between Latin and English has not
always been given due weight. When, for instance, the late Poet Laureate
of England assumed that the quantitative meters of Ennius and Vergil
resemble in effect the quantitative meters that he composed in English,
he disregarded the vital difference between the two languages.[16] While
in Latin quantities were readily distinguished even by the rabble, a fact
that is shown by the emergence of the penultimate law before there were
any teachers, in English it requires a laboratory apparatus to decide
what really is the length of certain syllables. On the other hand, stress
is dominant in English and unmistakable in all colloquial speech, whereas
in Latin it was so moderate in the new position it had recently acquired
that for many centuries after Plautus it had very little effect upon
the morphology of the language. Apparently the first Roman poets chose
as wisely as could be expected in determining to base their meters upon
quantity rather than upon word-stress. But in doing so they had to face
a serious dilemma: a stress-accent does not like to be disregarded, and
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