Mexican archæology : $b an introduction to the archæology of the Mexican and Mayan civilizations of pre-Spanish AmericaJoyce, Thomas Athol
History
Mexican archæology : $b an introduction to the archæology of the Mexican and Mayan civilizations of pre-Spanish America
Joyce, Thomas Athol
Mayas -- Antiquities; Mexico -- Antiquities
Besides Tezcatlipoca, there were also other high gods, whose functions
related to creation and generation, but, like many high gods among
primitive peoples, the amount of active worship paid them was
relatively small. Such were Tonacatecutli and his wife Tonacaciuatl,
dwellers in the highest heaven, who were said to be Toltec deities,
and were identified with Ometecutli and Omeciuatl, also associated
with Tulan. The creation once over, they received little direct
worship, save that appeals were made to them in invocations relative
to pregnancy and birth. Tonacatecutli was also identified with Chicome
Xochitl (“Seven Flower,” a calendrical name), in which manifestation
he appeared as a fertility-god, and Tonacaciuatl was at times likewise
identified with Xochiquetzal and Chicome Coatl. Attention has already
been called to the manner in which the Aztec tried to add to the
dignity of their tribal god by transferring to him the functions of
other deities, and it is not therefore surprising to find in one
passage that Uitzilopochtli is identified with Tonacatecutli. Connected
with the creator-deities are two interesting personalities, Oxomoco
(male) and Cipactonal (female). These were the prototypes of all
magicians, patrons of the magical arts, assistants in the creation
of men and in the discovery of maize, and general advisers in the
migration of the Nahua tribes. The material attributes of these
personages are not clear, and it is difficult to find a pictorial
representation which can be said with certainty to portray either of
them. As regards Mictlantecutli, the god of the underworld, the case is
quite otherwise; he is very frequently shown, and nearly always takes
the form of a skeleton, often with a stone knife in place of his nose
(Fig. 4, _b_). Skulls and bones are his inevitable accompaniments,
the owl is his bird, and his feminine partner was named Mictlanciuatl.
Other elemental divinities, of rather nebulous attributes, were the
sky-gods Citlalicue and Citlaltonac, who were associated with the
creator-gods, the sun and the morning star; and also Yoaltecutli and
Yoalticitl, night-deities, of whom the former seems to be identified
with the sun and the constellation Gemini, and the latter with
Teteoinnan.
[Illustration:
_Photo. Prof. Seler_ _Vienna Museum_
1]
[Illustration:
_British Museum_
2
MEXICO
1. SCULPTURED STONE VASE
2. STONE FIGURE OF QUETZALCOATL
(Scale: ¼th)]
Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.
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