Christian Charity in the First Centuries of the Church.--The Eastern Empresses.--The Holy Roman Ladies.--Olympiade, Melanie, Marcella, and Paula.--Charity at the Court of the Franks.--St. Margaret of Scotland and Matilda of England.--Hedwige of Poland.--Origin of the Lazar-houses.--The Lazarists in France and in England.--Progress and Vicissitudes of the Order of St. Lazarus.--The Foundations of St. Louis.--The Order of Mercy founded by St. Nolasque.--St. Catherine of Sienna and St. Francis.--Bernardin Obrégon.--Jean de Dieu.--Philippe de Néri.--Antoine Yvan. PILGRIMAGES 362 The first Pilgrimages to Jerusalem and Rome.--The Worship of the Martyrs.--Pilgrims’ Hospitals.--Images of the Virgin Mary.--Relics brought from the East by the Crusaders.--Celebrated Pilgrimages of Early Days.--The Roman Basilicas.--St. Nicholas de Bari.--Notre-Dame de Tersatz.--St. Jacques de Compostella.--Notre-Dame du Puy, de Liesse, de Chartres, de Rocamadour.--Pilgrimages in France, Germany, Poland, Russia, and Switzerland. HERESIES 394 The real Meaning of the word _Heresy_.--The Heretics of the Apostolic Days.--Simon the Magician.--Cerinthus.--The Nicolaitans.--The Gnostics.--The Schools of Philosophy of Byzantium, Antioch, and Alexandria.--Julian the Apostate.--The Pelagians and the semi-Pelagians.--Nestorius.--Eutyches.--The Iconoclasts.--Amaury.--Gilbert de la Porrée.--Abelard.--Arnold of Brescia.--The Albigenses.--The Waldenses.--The Flagellants.--Wickliff.--John Huss.--Jerome of Prague.--Luther.--Henry VIII. and the Anglican Church.--Calvin. THE INQUISITION 423 General Principles of the Inquisition; its Existence amongst the Greeks and Romans.--The Papal Inquisition.--The Inquisition in France.--The Albigenses.--The Royal Spanish Inquisition; its Political Purposes; it is opposed by the Popes.--Inquisitors of Toledo excommunicated by Leo X.--The Holy Hermandad.--The Spies of the Inquisition.--The Holy Office and the Supreme.--The Prisons of the Inquisition.--The _Auto-da-fé_.--The Inquisition in the Netherlands.--The Protestant Inquisition in Holland, Germany, France, England, and Switzerland. BURIALS AND FUNERAL CEREMONIES 447