The connection between bravery and cruelty 110 The abolition of slavery in its effects on war 112 The storming of Magdeburg, Brescia, and Rome 112 Cicero on Roman warfare 114 The reprisals of the Germans in France in 1870 115 Their revival of the custom of taking hostages 117 Their resort to robbery as a plea of reprisals 118 General Von Moltke on perpetual peace 119 The moral responsibility of the military profession 121 The Press as a potent cause of war 122 Plea for the abolition of demands for unconditional surrender 123 Such as led to the bombardment of Alexandria in 1882 123 CHAPTER V. MILITARY STRATAGEMS. Grotius’ theory of fair stratagems 126 The teaching of international law 127 Ancient and modern naval stratagems 127 Early Roman dislike of such stratagems 132 As ambuscades, feigned retreats, or night attacks 132 The degenerate standard of Frontinus and Polyænus 135 The Conference stratagem of modern Europe 136 The distinction between perfidy and stratagem 139 The perfidy of Francis I. 140 Vattel’s theory about spies 141 Frederick the Great’s military instructions about spies 142 Lord Wolseley on spies and truth in war 144 The custom of hanging or shooting spies 145 Better to keep them as prisoners of war 146 Balloonists regarded as spies 147 The practice of military surprises 148 Death formerly the penalty for capture in a surprise 150 Stratagems of uncertain character 151 Such as forged despatches or false intelligence 151 The use of the telegraph in deceiving the enemy 151 May prisoners of war be compelled to propagate lies? 152 General character of the military code of fraud 153 CHAPTER VI. BARBARIAN WARFARE. Variable notions of honour 156 Primitive ideas of a military life 156 What is civilised warfare? 158 Advanced laws of war among several savage tribes 159 Symbols of peace among savages 161