[5] Rickard (_op. cit._, footnote 3, pp. 547-554, 561) also speaks of a decline through the exhaustion of surface deposits, but dates the revival 1480-1570. He supports this conclusion by statistics on the leading mine at Rammelsberg, which was unproductive from the Black Death (1347) to 1450, and only slightly active before 1518. [6] According to F. M. Feldhaus (_Die Technik_, Leipzig and Berlin, 1914, p. 833.), a manuscript illustration of this type of pump, which he calls Schoepfkolbenkette, appears in the Mariano Codex latinus 197, B. 180, dated 1438, in the Munich Hofbibliothek. [7] Based on a comparison of the following editions of Agricola, _De re metallica_: Froben, Basel, 1556 (in Latin; the first edition); _The Mining Magazine_, London, 1912 (English translation by H. C. and L. H. Hoover); VDI, Berlin, 1928 (German translation by Carl Schiffner). [8] The emergence of the term Kunst in German mining terminology is connected with the application of water power, especially to pumping (see Heinrich Veith, _Deutsches Berg-woerterbuch_, Breslau, 1870, article "Kunst"). [9] According to Veith (_op. cit._, footnote 8, p. 306), B. Roessler, in his _Speculum metallurgiae politissimum_ (Dresden, 1700, p. 41) says that the Taschenkunst (pocket-work) was used with a pipe, like the rag and chain pump, and the translator of the German (1928) edition of _De re metallica_ also uses Heinzen and Taschen interchangeably. Calvoer and others, however, seem to use Taschenkunst for the ordinary chain of dippers, which seems better suited to its literal meaning. [10] Agricola, _op. cit._ (footnote 7), ed. Hoover, p. 199. His contemporary and fellow-townsman Mathesius equates the Kehrrad to the Bulgenkunst (_Sarepta_, p. 145, Nurnberg, 1571). According to Veith (_op. cit._, footnote 8, p. 286), Sebastian Muenster in his _Cosmographei ..._ (p. 381, Basel, 1558), had previously mentioned its use in the mines of Meissen; and its introduction has been put as early as 1500 by Otto Vogel ("Christopher Pohlem und seine Beziehungen zum Harzer Bergbaeu," _Beitraege zur Geschichte der Technik und Industrie_, 1913, vol. 5, p. 324.) [11] Agricola, _op. cit._ (footnote 7), ed. Hoover, pp. 160-199. [12] G. E. Lohneyss, _Bericht von Bergwerken_, 1619?, n. p., p. 3. [13] Agricola, _op. cit._ (footnote 7), ed. Hoover, pp. 184-185. The crank was centuries old at this time, and had been applied to pumping earlier than the time mentioned by Agricola, although perhaps not in mining. A drawing dated 1405 shows an Archimedian screw turned by a crank (Feldhaus, _op. cit._, footnote 6, p. 834). The _Mittelalterliche Hausbuch_ (ed. H. T. Bossert and W. F. Storck, Leipzig, 1912, Tafel 32), a German description of technology that appeared in 1480, shows an arrangement very like that described by Agricola, although not in mining service.