On Sameness and Identity: A Psychological Study: Being a Contribution to the Foundations of a Theory of Knowledge — John Shaqi
On Sameness and Identity: A Psychological Study: Being a Contribution to the Foundations of a Theory of KnowledgeFullerton, George Stuart
Philosophy
On Sameness and Identity: A Psychological Study: Being a Contribution to the Foundations of a Theory of Knowledge
Fullerton, George Stuart
Knowledge, Theory of
As to the sixth kind of sameness. May we grant this to the self, if by
self we mean the formal element of consciousness? I have said a little
way back, before taking up the distinction of formal and material,
that, if we make the word self cover all the immediately known, there
is nothing to prevent one's saying that two men see a part of the
same self, for material objects (immediately known) would have to be
regarded as such parts. And here it is evident that if we make self to
cover the whole of the formal element in a consciousness, it of course
includes the formal element in what we may call the objective side of
consciousness--the side which is, in some sense of the words, common
and impersonal. Now, we do say that two men see the same tree, and by
tree, the man who distinguishes between form and matter means a certain
complex containing both formal and material elements. These elements
he believes he can distinguish from one another, and pay attention
predominantly now to the one, and now to the other. Does it not seem
to follow that a man may as truly be said to see the formal element as
the material, and that two men who see the same tree may with justice
be said to see the same shape or arrangement of parts? In other words,
may we not apply the sixth sense of the word same to the formal element
in consciousness if this element is a thing capable of treatment at
all? And if this formal element in a tree seen by two men is a part of
the self, why may we not say that two men see a part of the same self,
even though we make self mere form? It would sound very odd to say so,
of course, but that should not weigh with a philosopher, if consistency
require it.
Finally, if I may call an immediately perceived object the same with
its supposed "external" correlate, not confounding the two, but
merely marking by the word a peculiar instance of the representative
relation, why may I not, if I believe that "external" things stand in
"real" relations to each other truly represented by our perceptions
of things and their relations--why, in this case, may I not speak of
the relations, "external" and "internal," as the same, without on that
account forgetting that I am pointing out a relation between two things
(if I may thus speak of relations), numerically different? Are they not
as different as the "matter" of consciousness and its correlate in the
"outer" world?
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