Pennsylvania Dutch (so called because Germans call themselves _Deutsch_[4]) is known as a dialect which has been corrupted or enriched by English words and idioms under a pure or modified pronunciation, and spoken by natives, some of them knowing no other language, but most of them speaking or understanding English. Many speak both languages vernacularly, with the pure sounds of each, as in distinguishing German _tōd_ (death) from English _toad_; or English _winter_ from German _winter_, with a different _w_, a lengthened _n_, a flat _t_, and a trilled _r_--four distinctions which are natural to my own speech. Children, even when very young, may speak English entirely with their parents, and German with their grandparents, and of two house-painters (father and son) the father always speaks German and the son English, whether speaking together, or with others. The males of a family being more abroad than the females, learn English more readily, and while the father, mother, daughters, and servants may speak German, father and son may speak English together naturally, and not with a view to have two languages, as in Russia. Foreign Germans who go into the interior usually fall into the local dialect in about a year, and one remarked that he did so that he might not be misunderstood. Some of these, after a residence of fifteen or twenty years, speak scarcely a sentence of English, and an itinerant piano-tuner, whose business has during many years taken him over the country, says that he has not found a knowledge of English necessary. The English who preceded the Germans in Pennsylvania brought their names of objects with them, calling a thrush with a red breast a _robin_; naming a bird not akin to any thrush a _blackbird_; and assigning to a yellow bird the name of _goldfinch_, but adopting a few aboriginal names like _racoon_, _hackee_ and _possum_. The Germans did this to some extent, for _blackbird_ saying 'schtaar' (G. _staar_,[5] starling,) for the _goldfinch_ (oriole) 'goldamschl,' for the _thrush_ (G. _drossel_) 'druschl,' for a _woodpecker_ 'specht' (the German name), and for a crow 'krap.' The _ground-squirrel_ is named 'fensǝmeissli' (fence-mouselin, _fence_ being English); a large grey squirrel is called 'eech-haas' (for _eich-hase_, oak-hare); and in Austria a squirrel is akatzel and achkatzel (oak-kitten). The burrowing marmot (Arctomys monax), known as ground-hog, is called 'grun'daks' (from a fancied analogy with the German _dachs_ or badger) and in York County 'grundsau,' a translation of the English name. The English _patridge_ (partridge, Dutch patrijs) is Germanised into 'pattǝreesǝli'--also called 'feld-hinkli' (little field-chicken),--hinkl being universally used for _chicken_ or _chickens_.