_wo_, after a noun indicates it as object of action or, sometimes, as subject of state or condition; _unasaka wo sugite_, passing beyond bounds of ocean; _miyako wo tohomi_, _miyako_ (as to), be distant (Aston); _mikado wo sadame_, settle on a site for a palace; _kuni wo sadame_, terram debellare. In this sense _wo_ is often omitted, _oi mo sezu_, old-age even not-doing = never growing old. It may follow a verb as an emphatic particle, or even a noun as such, but in these cases there is probably an ellipsis of _suru_ (do) _omofu_, (think) or the like, or again it may follow a particle, _to bakari_, &c. (Aston). Where it appears to have an adversative force there is probably ellipsis of _omoheba_, _omohite_, &c. _Wo ba_ = _wo ha_, and singles out the noun as specially emphasized. _Wo_ sometimes almost equals _ni_. _he_ (lit. quarter, direction, locality, tract in space or time) = towards (_ni_ = to). Rare in the texts in this volume, _yori_ (lit. approach, or be close to, or stop at), shortened often to _yo_, _yu_, means by extension ‘from’--in later language also ‘than’. _ya_, _yo_, is a vocative or exclamative interjection. _to_, that, is a connective particle = and, also after a phrase marks it as quotative; _toko miya to sadame_, establish as an everlasting shrine (or palace), _sugimu to omoheba_, thinking (intending) that it should outlast. _Hikohoshi ha Tanabata tsu me to_, Hikohoshi and the Weaving Woman; _se to ha norame_ (see under _ha_); _kamusabu to_, in a divinely awful manner; _hito wo yahase to … kuni wo osame to … makitamaheba_, as he was charged to subdue the people and pacify the land (people subdue that … land pacify that--as he was charged with). The different uses of _to_ can always be made out by taking it as _that_. Other particles are:-- _ya_, slight dubitative and interrogative, also exclamative. With negative it gives an affirmative sense. _ka_, stronger than _ya_. _ya_ _ka_ with _ha_ (_yaha_ _kaha_) imply a certainty. _ka mo_, final interjectional expression = is it not even so? i.e. emphatically or admiringly, it is so! _kana_ (_gana_, _mo gana_), final interjection of emotion suited to what precedes. _mo_, also, too, even; _mo … mo_, both … and. _so_ (_zo_) perhaps, _sore_, this! emphasizes the preceding word. _koso_ (_ko[re], so[re]_) this-that (Aston), more emphatic than _so_ (_zo_), commonly precedes the verb, expressed or understood. There is a quasi-conjugation with _koso_-- _koso koge_; _koso kogere_; _koso kogishika_,--_kogitare_,--_kogitarishika_,--_koginure_,-- _kogitsure_,--_kogame_,--_koginame_,--_kogurame,_ &c. _a wo koso se to ha norame_--in prose, _a wo se to ha koso norame_, _do_ call me husband! _namu_ (_nan_) is very like _koso_, but less emphatic. _goto_ = _gotoku_, like also sometimes _kotogotoku_, generally, all; _goto ni_ (after the noun), every, each. _dani_, even, at all events; _sura_, even (unexpected); _sahe_, even (additional).