There are in each mood three forms or quasi-tenses--a present, temporally indefinite; a past denoting action or state completed at or before the present or some indicated past time; and a future denoting action, &c., that may or will be completed at a future (or past-future) time. Each of these tenses in the Independent mood has a predicative or simpler form and a relative form--as relating to some noun. It is the simpler form, identical with the stem in _u_, which is found in the dictionaries (in Lemaréchal’s the stem in _a_, _i_, or _e_ is found). The relative form ends in _uru_ (modern _iru_ or _eru_). Thus _toki sugu_, time passes; _suguru toki_, tempus quod fugit (some verbs in _uru_ are transitive as _tatsu_, stand, _tatsuru_, make stand, set up). Only those verbs which have _e_ or _i_ stems throughout appear to possess this relative form;[3] in verbs with _i_ and _a_ stems this morphological distinction does not exist. The Past has four forms, each double (P. predicative, R. relative). (1) P. _ki_, R. _-shi_. (2) P. _tari_ (_te-ari_), R. _-taru_ (_te-aru_). (3) P. _-tariki_, R. _-tarishi_ (composed of (2) and (1)). (4) P. _-nu_, R. _-nuru_. [_ki_ (_kuru_) = come (cp. Ital. _vien fatto_); _shi_ (_suru_) = do; _te_ = stem of _tsu_, _tsuru_, continue; _ari_ is an irr. P. form of _aru_, be; _nu_ is an old verb = be.] In _i a_ verbs there is a past in P. _-eri_, R. _-eru_ (see below). The Future is formed by suffixing _mu_ (or _namu_) to stem or _naramu_ (_ni [nu] aramu [aru]_) to R. form if any. SCHEMATIC EXAMPLES. _kogu_, row (with oars or sculls). Stems. Present. Past. Future. _kogu_ _kogu_, P. & R. _kogiki_, P. _kogamu_, P. _kogi_ _kogishi_, R. (_koginamu_) _koga_ _kogitari_, P. _kogu naramu_ _kogitaru_, R. [_tomuru naramu_, R.] _kogitariki_, P. _kogitarishi_, R. _koginu_, P. _koginuru_, R. _kogeri_, P. _kogeru_, R. _tomu_, stop, and _sugu_, pass, are conjugated like _kogu_, except that _tomu_ replaces _i_ and _a_ of _kogu_ forms by _e_, and _sugu_ by _i_. In the Dependent mood the forms are constructed with the help of _-ba_ (the particle _ha_, voiced). _Shikaba_ (etym. of _shika_?), _tareba_, _taraba_ (_te areba_, _-araba_), _naba_ (_nu_) and _naraba_ (_ni araba_). SCHEMATIC EXAMPLES. _kogeba_, as, since, when, &c., row. _kogaba_, _koginaba_, _koginaraba_, if row. _kogishikaba_, _kogitareba_, as, since, when &c., rowed. _kogitaraba_, _kogishi naraba_, if rowed.