Of _tomu_, _sugu_, the Dependent Mood is similarly conjugated preserving the _e_ and _i_ vowels, and for _tomeba_ using _tomureba_ for _tomaba_ _tomeba_, for _sugiba_ _sugureba_, for _sugaba_ _sugiba_. The negative voice (there are no negative words = not, no, none). The Present Independent is formed by changing the _-mu_ of future into _-zu_ or _-zaru_ (_zu aru_), P. and _-nu_, R. Thus _kogu_ (_kogamu_), _kogazu_, _kogazaru_, _koganu_; _sugu_, _sugimu_, _sugizu_, &c. In the past _-zu_ becomes _zariki_, P., and _-zarishi_, R.; in the future _-zaramu_ or _-zhi_, P. and R. (_kogazaramu_, _kogazhi_). There is a second future with sense of obligation exemplified as follows:--_kogu_ (not _koga_) _-mazhiku_ (indefinite), _-mazhi_, P., _-mazhiki_, R., _-mazhikariki_, P., past fut. _-mazhikarishi_, R., past fut. _-mazhikereba_, conditional, when as, &c., and _-mazhikuba_, hypothetical, if, &c. In the Dependent Mood we have:-- _koganeba_, _kogazareba_, as, when, &c., not-row. _kogazuba_, if not-row. _kogazarishikaba_, as, when, &c., not-rowed. _kogazariseba_, _kogazarishi naraba_, if not-rowed. The Imperatives are:-- _Kogazare_ (_kogazu are_); _kogu nakare_ (_naku are_); _koguna_, _kogu koto nakare_ (row-thing do-not), _na kogi so_, _yume kogu na_ (emphatic imperative). But _na_ with _i_ or _e_ stem is an affirmative imperative _kogi na_, do row! There is another past in _tsu_[4], _tsuru_ as _kogitsu_, _kogitsuru_, and a continuative form in _tsutsu_, _kogitsutsu_, while rowing. Also a form in _-keri_, P. and _-keru_, R. with a dependent _-kereba_ as _kogikeru_, _kogikereba_. This _keri_ form seems equivalent to a perfect definite, have rowed. Its etymology must be _ki -ari_; of _tsu_ the stem would be _te_, which added to stem in _i_ or _e_ makes forms such as _kogite_, _tomete_, which are continuative indefinites almost equal to ‘whilst’, _kogite_, _yuku_, whilst-row-go, i.e. row to (a place). The negative form of _-te_ is _-de_, _kogade_, or _-zu_, _-zu ni_, _-zu shite_, as _kogazu_, not-row, _kogazu ni_, in, or by not-row, _kogazu shite_, not-row-do, all meaning essentially whilst-not-row. The particles _mo_, too, _to mo_, that too (with variant _domo_) _keredomo_ (_ki-ari-to-mo_), following or suffixed to verb-forms, give a concessive force, although, even though, &c., _beku_, with sense of must, can, will, ought, is suffixed to the _u_ stem, thus _kogubeku_ is must, or ought to row, or will row--the forms of _beku_ are _beshi_, P.; _beki_, R.; _bemi_, _bekariki_, P.; _-shi_, R.; _bekereba_, _bekuba_, _bekarazu_, &c.; _beku mazhiku_ almost = _bekarazu_. Causative verbs (often used as transitives or as honour-forms) are easily recognized. Thus _nageku_, sigh, lament, _nagekasu_; or forms derived from _su_ (_suru_), do, are added--_shimuru_, _seshimuru_, _sasuru_. Thus _yaku_, burn, _yakasu_, _yakashimuru_; _suru_ (_se_), do, _sesasuru_, make-do.