_Nu_ (_ni_) is an old verb ‘be’. _Ni_ + _aru_ = _naru_, become, be at, of, in. The future _namu_ is a common auxiliary suffix. _Namu_ may become _namashi_, by composition with _mashi_, more, a suffixed optative particle. Another optative is formed by adding the slight interrogative particle _ya_ to the form in _-aba_ as _yukabaya_, should like to go; sometimes the future form is in _-ramu_ (_aramu_?) added to the _u_-stem, as _aruramu_ for _aramu_, _kofuramu_ for _kohamu_ (_kohimu_), will love. _Aru_, be, is peculiar in that its P.-form is _ari_ not _aru_. The verb _miru_, see, keeps the _mi_ throughout, _miru_, _miki_, _mishi_, _mimu_, _miba_, _mitsu_ (past), _mizu_, _minu_, _mizhi_, _mide_, &c.; but _mireba_, _miredomo_, _miru_ or _miheku_, &c. So _hi(ru)_, dry, _i(ru)_, shoot, _(w)i(ru)_, be in or at, _ki(ru)_, wear _ni(ru)_, be like, _ni(ru)_, boil. See Chamberlain, p. 66. By adding _u_, _uru_ (get) with or without _aru_ (be) verbs passive and potential are obtained. Thus _yaku_ (burn) + _ari_ + _uru_ = _yakaruru_, so we have _homeraruru_ (_homu_, praise), _sugiraruru_ (_sugu_, pass), _miraruru_ (_miru_, see). Or we have _miyuru_, see-get = seem, so _omoyuru_, _omoheru_ (from _omofu_, think), or _omoharuru_ (see Glossary, _omofu_, &c.), _iheru_ (_ihi-uru_), is said, &c. From _aru_ (be) lengthened to _arafu_, we get _araharu_, _araharuru_, _arahaseru_, be manifest or make manifest. Other passive-like forms are _iyu_ (_i_), shot, _oyu_ (_oi_), grown old, _omohoyu_ (_omofu_), thought. There is a form in _-aku_, thus _ifu_, say, _ihaku_--even the future has it, _kakemu_, will utter, _kakemaku_, and the past _omoheraku_, the morphological origin of which is unknown. It seems to give a substantival character to the verb; _ihaku_, the saying (is); _omoheraku_, what was thought (is): also a frequentative (rare) in _mi_, _wemi-mi, wemazu mo_, smiling and not smiling. Under _koso_ will be found the verbal forms used with that particle. Of the verb _su_ _suru_, do, the principal forms are:-- Independent Mood. _shi_, _su_, _suru_, (_koso_) _sure_. _seri_, _seru_ (_koso_), _sere_. _shiki_, _seshi_ (_koso_), _seshika_. _shitari_, &c., _shitariki_, &c. _shitsu_, _shitsuru_ (_koso_), _shitsure_. _semu_, _suramu_ (_koso_), _-e_, _-e_. _shitaramu_, _shitsuramu_, &c. Dependent Mood. _sureba_, _seshikaba_, _shitareba_. _seba_, _senaba_, _shitaraba_. _suredo_ (_mo_). _suru mo_, _shite mo_. _seshikado_, _shitaredo_, _seshi_ (_mo_). _sebaya_. _shitsutsu_, &c. Negative Voice. _sezu_, _senu_ (_koso_) _sene_. _sezhi_, _sezaru_, and derived forms. _sezuba_, _senedo_. _sezare_, _suna_, _na se so_, &c. Of the verb _ku_ _kuru_, come, the principal forms are:-- Independent Mood.