=122.= With regard to II. _Personal Affection_, the object is here not merely beautiful but also good in itself; it appears, however, that the appreciation of what is thus good in itself, viz. the mental qualities of a person, is certainly, by itself, not so great a good as the whole formed by the combination with it of an appreciation of corporeal beauty; it is doubtful whether it is even so great a good as the mere appreciation of corporeal beauty; but it is certain that the combination of both is a far greater good than either singly. 203 =123.= It follows from what has been said that we have every reason to suppose that a cognition of _material qualities_, and even their existence, is an essential constituent of the Ideal or Summum Bonum: there is only a bare possibility that they are not included in it. 205 =124.= It remains to consider _positive evils_ and _mixed goods_. I. _Evils_ may be divided into three classes, namely 207 =125.= (1) evils which consist in the love, or admiration, or enjoyment of what is evil or ugly 208 =126.= (2) evils which consist in the hatred or contempt of what is good or beautiful 211 =127.= and (3) the consciousness of intense pain: this appears to be the only thing, either greatly good or greatly evil, which does not involve _both_ a cognition _and_ an emotion directed towards its object; and hence it is not analogous to pleasure in respect of its intrinsic value, while it also seems not to add to the vileness of a whole, _as a whole_, in which it is combined with another bad thing, whereas pleasure does add to the goodness of a whole, in which it is combined with another good thing; 212 =128.= but pleasure and pain are completely analogous in this, that pleasure by no means always increases, and pain by no means always decreases, the total value of a whole in which it is included: the converse is often true. 213 =129.= In order to consider II. _Mixed Goods_, we must first distinguish between (1) the value of a whole _as a whole_, and (2) its value _on the whole_ or total value: (1) = the difference between (2) and the sum of the values of the parts. In view of this distinction, it then appears: 214 =130.= (1) That the mere combination of two or more evils is never positively good _on the whole_, although it may certainly have great intrinsic value _as a whole_; 216