But Polemon is by no means infallible in the matter of etymology,
though invaluable as reflecting the current impression of his day. Our
conviction that the Διὸς κώδιον is necessarily ‘the fleece of Zeus’ is
somewhat loosened when we find that this fleece was by no means confined
to the ritual of Zeus, and in so far as it was connected with Zeus, was
used in the ritual only of a Zeus who bore the titles Meilichios and
Ktesios. Suidas[45] expressly states that ‘they sacrifice to Meilichios
and to Zeus Ktesios and they keep the fleeces of these (victims) and call
them “Dian,” and they use them when they send out the procession in the
month of Skirophorion, and the Dadouchos at Eleusis uses them, and others
use them for purifications by strewing them under the feet of those who
are polluted.’
It is abundantly clear that Zeus had no monopoly in the fleece supposed
to be his; it was a sacred fleece used for purification ceremonies in
general. He himself had taken over the cult of Meilichios, the Placable
One, the spirit of purification; we conjecture that he had also taken
over the fleece of purification.
Final conviction comes from a passage in the commentary of Eustathius[46]
on the purification of the house of Odysseus after the slaying of the
suitors. Odysseus purges his house by two things, first after the slaying
of the suitors by water, then after the hanging of the maidens by fire
and brimstone. His method of purifying is a simple and natural one, it
might be adopted to-day in the disinfecting of a polluted house. This
Eustathius notes, and contrasts it with the complex magical apparatus
in use among the ancients and very possibly still employed by the
pagans of his own day. He comments as follows: ‘The Greeks thought such
pollutions were purified by being “sent away.” Some describe one sort of
purifications, some others, and these purifications they carried out of
houses after the customary incantations and they cast them forth in the
streets with averted faces and returned without looking backwards. But
the Odysseus of the poet does not act thus, but performs a different and
a simpler act, for he says:
“Bring brimstone, ancient dame, the cure of ills, and bring me fire
That I the hall may fumigate.”’
In the confused fashion of his day and of his own mind Eustathius sees
there is a real distinction but does not recognise wherein it lies. He
does not see that Homer’s purification is actual, physical, rational, not
magical. He goes on: ‘Brimstone is a sort of incense which is reputed to
cleanse pollutions. Hence the poet distinguishes it, calling it “cure of
ills.” In this passage there are none of the incantations usual among
the ancients, nor is there the small vessel in which the live coals were
carried and thrown away vessel and all backwards.’
Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.
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