The freight rate advances of 1910, 594.--Their causes examined, 595.--Weakness of the railroad presentation, 596.--Operating expenses and wages higher, 597.--The argument in rebuttal, 598.--"Scientific management," 598.--The Commission decides adversely, 599. CHAPTER XIX THE LONG AND SHORT HAUL CLAUSE: TRANSCONTINENTAL RATES "Substantially similar circumstances and conditions" stricken out in 1910, 601.--Debate and probable intention of Congress, 602.--Constitutionality of procedure, 603.--Nature of applications for exemption, 604.--Market and water competition, 605. The Intermountain Rate cases, 610.--The grievances examined, 611.--The "blanket rate" system, 611.--Its causes analyzed, 612.--Previous decisions compared, 615.--Graduated rates proposed by the Commission, 616.--The Commerce Court review, 620.--Water v. commercial competition again, 620.--Absolute v. relative reasonableness, 622.--Legal technicalities, 625.--Minimum v. relative rates, 624.--Constitutionality of minimum rates, 625. CHAPTER XX THE CONFLICT OF FEDERAL AND STATE AUTHORITY; OPEN QUESTIONS History of state railroad commissions, 627.--The legislative unrest since 1900, 628.--New commissions and special laws, 629.--The situation critical, 630.--Particular conflicts illustrated, 631.--The clash in 1907, 632.--Missouri experience, 633.--The Minnesota case, 634.--The Governors join issue, 634.--The Shreveport case, 635. Control of coastwise steamship lines, 638.--Panama Canal legislation, 641.--The probable effect of the canal upon the railroads, especially the transcontinental lines, 643. INDEX 649 RAILROADS CHAPTER I THE HISTORY OF TRANSPORTATION IN THE UNITED STATES[1] Significance of geographical factors, 1.--Toll roads before 1820, 2.--The "National pike," 3.--Canals and internal waterways before 1830, 4.--The Erie Canal, 4.--Canals in the West, 6.--First railroad construction after 1830, 7.--Early development in the South, 9.--Importance of small rivers, 10. The decade 1840-1860, 11.--Slow railway growth, mainly in the East, 12.--Rapid expansion 1848-1857; western river traffic, 13.--Need of north and south railways, 14.--Traffic still mainly local, 15.--Effect of the Civil War, 16.--Rise of New York, 17.--Primitive methods, 17.