Rough Ways Made Smooth: A series of familiar essays on scientific subjectsProctor, Richard A. (Richard Anthony)
Science
Rough Ways Made Smooth: A series of familiar essays on scientific subjects
Proctor, Richard A. (Richard Anthony)
Science
It is noteworthy that several careful observers of the corona in 1842
believed that they could recognise motion in the coronal rays. Francis
Baily compared the appearance of the corona to the flickering light of
a gas illumination. O. Struve also was much struck by the appearance of
violent agitation in the light of the ring. It seems probable that the
appearance was due to movements in that part of our atmosphere through
which the corona was observed. The extent of the corona was variously
estimated by different observers. Petit, at Montpelier, assigned to
it a breadth corresponding to a height of about 200,000 miles; Baily
a height of about 500,000 miles; and O. Struve a height of more than
800,000 miles. The last-named observer also recognised luminous
expansions extending fully four degrees (corresponding to nearly seven
million miles) from the sun. Picozzi, at Milan, noticed two jets of
light, which were seen also by observers in France. Rays also were seen
by Mauvais at Perpignan, and by Baily at Paria. But Airy, observing the
corona from the Superga, could see no radiation; he says 'although a
slight radiation might have been perceptible, it was not sufficiently
intense to affect in a sensible degree the annular structure by which
the luminous appearance was plainly distinguished.' These varieties
in the aspect of the corona were doubtless due to varieties in the
condition of the atmosphere through which the corona was seen. Now it
cannot be questioned that, so far as extension is concerned, the corona
seen in 1842 was one which, if the theory we are considering were
sound, we should expect to see near the time of maximum rather than of
minimum solar disturbance. On the other hand, in brightness the corona
of 1842 resembled, if it did not surpass, that of July 1878.
'I had imagined,' says Baily, 'that the corona, as to its brilliant or
luminous appearance, would not be greater than that faint crepuscular
light which sometimes takes place (_sic_) in a summer evening, and
that it would encircle the moon like a ring. I was therefore somewhat
surprised and astonished at the splendid scene which now so suddenly
burst upon my view.'
The light of the corona was so bright, O. Struve states, that the naked
eye could scarcely endure it; 'many could not believe, indeed, that the
eclipse was total, so strongly did the corona's light resemble direct
sunlight.' Thus while as to extent the corona in 1842 presented the
appearance to be expected at the time of maximum solar disturbance, if
our theory is sound, its brightness was that corresponding to a time
of minimum disturbance. Its structure corresponded with the former
condition. The light of the corona was not uniform, nor merely marked
by radiations, but in several places interlacing lines of light could
be seen. Arago, at Perpignan, observed with the unaided eye a region
of the corona where the structure was as of intertwined jets giving an
appearance resembling a hank of thread in disorder.
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