Assimilation of _mp_ to _pp_ and _nk_ to _kk_ appears also quite early in Danish and Swedish, e.g., _kap_ (_kapp_) and _drocken_ (see Kalkar), _kapp_ and _drokken_ (Sw.). _U--Umlaut_ seems to be more limited in O.N. than in O. Ic. O. Ic. _hl_, _hn_, _hr_ initially appear early as simple _l_, _n_, _r_ in O.N. (see Noreen 528), e.g., O. Ic. _hlaupa_, O.N. _loupa_; O. Ic. _hniga_, O.N. _niga_; O. Ic. _hringr_, O.N. _ringr_; O. Ic. _fn_ appears in O.N. as _bn_ or _mn_, e.g., O. Ic. _nafn_, O.N. _namn_ (N. Norse _navn_, _nabn_, _namn_). Initial _hv_, which was a heavy guttural spirant, became _kv_ in Western Norway, _kv_ and _khv_ in Iceland (though written _hv_ still), e.g., O.N., O. Ic. _hvelva_, Norse _kvelva_. O.N. _ø_ became _œæ_ in Iceland, _døma_ > _dœæma_. O.N. _œæi_ became _ei_ in Iceland, e.g., O.N. _stœæin_ > O. Ic. _stein_, O.N. _bœæin_ > O. Ic. _bein_ (_stin_ and _bin_ in O. Dan.). 9. CHARACTERISTICS OF OLD NORTHUMBRIAN. The following are some of the chief differences between O. Nhb. and W. S: 1. Preference in O. Nhb. for _a_ in many cases where W. S. has _e_. 2. _A_ sometimes appears in closed syllable where W.S. has æ. 3. _A_ before _l_ + consonant is not broken to _ea_ (Sievers §121.3, and Lindelöf: Die Sprache des Durham Rituals). 4. _A_ before _r_ + consonant very frequently not broken, cp. _arm_, _farra_. Breaking occurs more often, however. 5. _E_ before _l_ + consonant not broken in the Ritual (see Lindelöf). 6. _E_ before _r_ + consonant is broken and appears as either _ea_ or _eo_, cp. _eorthe_, _earthe_. 7. _A_ before _h_, _ht_, _x_ (_hs_) becomes _œæ_. Sievers §162.1. In W.S. _a_ was broken to _œea_, cp. O. Nhb. _sax_, W.S. _seax_. This Lindelöf explains as due to the different quality of the _h_--in W.S. it was guttural, hence caused breaking; in Nhb. it was palatal and hence the preceding _a_ was palatalized to _œæ_. 8. Nhb. umlaut of _o_ is _œœ_. In W. S. it was _e_, cp. _dœœma_, _sœœca_, W. S. _dēman, sēcan_. See Sievers §§27 and 150.4. Bouterwek CXXVII, and Lindelöf. This difference was, however, levelled out, Nhb. _œœ_ becoming also _e_, according to Sievers. 9. Special Nhb. diphthongs _ei_, _ai_, cp. _heista_, _seista_, W.S. _hiehsta_, _siexta_. 10. Influence of preceding _w_ was greater than in the South. A diphthong whose second element was a dark vowel was simplified generally to a dark vowel (Lindelöf), e.g., _weo_ > _wo_, _wio_ > _wu_, cp. _weorld_ > _world_, _weord_ > _word_, etc. 11. W.S. _t_ is represented quite frequently by _ð_ or _d_, regularly so when combined with _l_, often so when combined with _s_. See Lindelöf above. 12. W.S. _ð_ frequently appears as _d_ in the North; the reverse also occurs. See Bouterwek CXLII-CXLV. In a few cases _ð_ > _t_. 13. _C_ before _t_ where W. S. regularly has _h_. See Bouterwek. 14. Metathesis of _r_ less extensive than in W. S.