15. Preceding _g_, _c_, _sc_ did not cause diphthongation in Nhb. as often as in W. S. 16. Generally speaking, less extensive palatalization in Nhb. than in W. S. 17. Dropping of final _n_ in infinitives in Northumbrian. 10. REMARKS. METATHESIS OF _R_. The above characteristics of O. Nhb. will not only explain a great many later Scotch forms, but also show that a number of words which have been considered loanwords are genuine English. Sco. _daw_, "day," need not necessarily be traced to O.N. _dagr_. The W.S. _dæg_ gave Eng. _day_. _Dæg_ is also the Northern form. _Daw_ may of course be due to _a_ in the oblique cases, but according to 2 _dag_ may have appeared in the nominative case early in the North. This would develop to _daw_. Sco. _daw_, verb, "to dawn," is easily explained. W.S. _dagian_ > _dawn_ regularly, Nhb. _dagia_ (see 17 above) > _daw_. The O.N. _daga_, "to dawn," is then out of the question. Sco. _mauch_, "a kinsman"; the O.E. form was _mæg_, which would have given _may_. In the North the _g_ was probably not palatal. Furthermore a Northern form _mag_ would regularly develop to _maw_, might also be _mauch_ (cp. _law_ and _lawch_, adj., "low," O.N. _lagr_). O.N. _magr_, "kinsman," may, however, be the source of _mauch_. Sco. _hals_ is not from O.N. _hals_, but from O. Nhb. _hals_ which corresponded to W. S. _heals_; Sco. _hawse_, "to clasp," (Ramsay, II, 257); comes from O. Nhb. _halsiga_, W. S. _healsian_. (Sco. _hailse_, "to greet," is a different word, see loanword list, part II.). Forms that appear later in standard English frequently are found earliest in the North (cp. §10). No. 13 explains some differences in the later pronunciation of Sco. and Eng. No. 12 is a characteristic that is much more common in Middle and Early New Scotch. Many words in this way became identical in form with their Norse cognates, cp. _broder_, _fad(d)er_, etc. This will be discussed later. No. 14, Metathesis of _r_, was carried out extensively in W. S. (see Sievers, 179), e.g., _beornan_ "burn"; _iernan_, "run"; _burn_, "a stream"; _hors_, "horse"; _forsk_, "frog"; _þerscan_, "to thrash"; _berstan_, "to burst"; _fierst_, "a space of time," (cp. Norse _frist_, Germ. _Frist_). This progressive metathesis of _r_ is very common in the South. In the North, on the contrary, metathesis of _r_ has taken place before _ht_ in _frohtian, fryhtu_, etc. (Sievers, 179, 2). In addition to these a large number of words appear in Old and Middle Sco. differing from literary English with regard to metathesis, sometimes showing metathesis where Eng. does not. A list of words will illustrate this difference: _thyrldom_, "thraldom"; _thirl_, "to enthrall"; _fryst_, "first"; _brest_, "to burst"; _thretty_, "thirty"; _thrid_, "third"; _thirl_, "to pierce thirl"; _gyrs_, "grass"; _krul_, "curl"; _drit_, "dirt"; _warsill_, "to wrestle"; _scart_, "to scratch"; _cruddled_, "curdled"; _birde_, O.E. _brid_,