"offspring." The result is that many of these words are more like the corresponding O.N. words than the Anglo-Saxon (cp. O.N. _fristr_, _brenna_, Norse _tretti_, _tredie_, etc.), hence they have in many cases been considered loanwords. Sco. _braist_ and _landbrest_, "breakers," (cp. O.N. _bresta_, _landbrest_), are not from the Norse but from the corresponding O. Nhb. words. _Cors_ which occurs in Gau may be a similar case and like Eng. _cross_ derived from O. Fr. _crois_, but Gau otherwise shows considerable Danish influence and Gau's form may be due to that. Eng. _curl_ and _dirt_ (from O.Du. _krul_ and O.N. _drit_) have undergone metathesis. The Sco. words have not. 11. THE QUESTION OF PALATALIZATION IN O. NHB. Just to what extent _g_, _c_, _sc_ were palatalized in O. Nhb. is not definitely known. Until this has been ascertained the origin of a number of dialect words in the North will remain uncertain. The palatal character of _g_, _c_, _sc_ in O.E. was frequently represented by inserting a palatal vowel, generally _e_, before the following guttural vowel. Kluge shows (in Litteraturblatt für germ, und rom. Philologie, 1887, 113-114) that the Middle English pronunciation of _crinǧen_, _sinǧen_, proves early palatalization, which was, however, not indicated in the writing of the O.E. words _cringan_, _singan_. And in the same way palatalization existed in a great many words where it was not graphically represented. Initial _sc_ was always palatalized (Kluge, 114 above). In the MSS. _k_ seems to represent a guttural, _c_ a palatal sound of older _c_ (Sievers, 207, 2). Palatalization of _c_ is quite general. _K_ became palatalized to _c_ in primitive Eng. initially before front vowels, also before Gmc. _e_ and _eu_ (Kluge, P.G.(2)I, 991). Kluge accepts gutturalizing of a palatal _c_ before a consonant where this position is the result of syncopation of a palatal vowel. In the South palatal _c_ became a fricative _ch_. According to Kluge it never developed to _ch_ in Northern England and Scotland, but either remained _c_ or recurred to a guttural _k_. The same is true with regard to _g_. The exact extent of such palatalization is very difficult to determine. It is possible that the sound always remained a guttural in the North. We have seen that _c_ or _g_ did not cause diphthongation of the following vowel in the North as often as in the South. In view of the fact that palatalization was not always indicated, this may not prove anything, but may, however, indicate less palatalization than in the South. The fact that _e_ or _i_ was sometimes inserted before a following dark vowel, cp. _ahefgia_, "gravare," _gefragia_, "interrogare," proves that palatalization in these words, at least, existed. 12. _SK_ AS A SCANDINAVIAN SIGN. CERTAIN WORDS IN _SK_. PALATALIZATION IN NORSE.