Science and poetryRichards, I. A. (Ivor Armstrong)
History
Science and poetry
Richards, I. A. (Ivor Armstrong)
English poetry -- 20th century -- History and criticism; Poetry
The poetic approach evidently limits the framework of possible
consequences into which the pseudo-statement is taken. For the
scientific approach this framework is unlimited. Any and every
consequence is relevant. If any of the consequences of a statement
conflicts with acknowledged fact then so much the worse for the
statement. Not so with the pseudo-statement when poetically approached.
The problem is--just how does the limitation work? The usual account is
in terms of a supposed universe of discourse, a world of make-believe,
of imagination, of recognised fictions common to the poet and his
readers. A pseudo-statement which fits into this system of assumptions
would be regarded as ‘poetically true’; one which does not, as
‘poetically false.’ This attempt to treat ‘poetic truth’ on the model
of general ‘coherence theories’ is very natural for certain schools of
logicians; but is inadequate, on the wrong lines from the outset. To
mention two objections out of many; there is no means of discovering
what the ‘universe of discourse’ is on any occasion, and the kind of
coherence which must hold within it, supposing it to be discoverable,
is not an affair of logical relations. Attempt to define the system of
propositions into which
“O Rose, thou art sick!”
must fit, and the logical relations which must hold between them if it
is to be ‘poetically true’; the absurdity of the theory becomes evident.
We must look further. In the poetic approach the relevant consequences
are not logical or to be arrived at by a partial relaxation of logic.
Except occasionally and by accident logic does not enter at all. They
are the consequences which arise through our emotional organisation.
The acceptance which a pseudo-statement receives is entirely governed
by its effects upon our feelings and attitudes. Logic only comes in,
if at all, in subordination, as a servant to our emotional response.
It is an unruly servant, however, as poets and readers are constantly
discovering. A pseudo-statement is ‘true’ if it suits and serves
some attitude or links together attitudes which on other grounds are
desirable. This kind of truth is so opposed to scientific ‘truth’ that
it is a pity to use so similar a word, but at present it is difficult
to avoid the malpractice.[7]
This brief analysis may be sufficient to indicate the fundamental
disparity and opposition between pseudo-statements as they occur in
poetry and statements as they occur in science. A pseudo-statement is
a form of words which is justified entirely by its effect in releasing
or organizing our impulses and attitudes (due regard being had for the
better or worse organizations of these _inter se_); a statement, on the
other hand, is justified by its truth, _i.e._ its correspondence, in a
highly technical sense, with the fact to which it points.
Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.
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