Their evolution is interesting and curious. At first we find them as
screens of pagan and Roman origin, and dating back to the middle of the
twelfth century. But the pagan screens were adapted by Christians, who
gave to them the name diptycha of the Apostles, of the Martyrs, and of
the Saints, and used them as portable altars, and also largely as votive
gifts, their richness being in proportion to the wealth of the giver and
the importance of the subject depicted. We have several examples in the
Camara Santa of Oviedo Cathedral and in the Camarin of Santa Teresa,
Escorial (Plate 55). The Tablas Alfonsinas in the Sacristia Mayor of the
Cathedral of Seville is another and more important example. This
treasure is specially interesting, as it shows the actual use made of
these folding tablets. It was the altar of Alfonso the Learned, and was
presented by him to the cathedral in 1274 after he had used it in
battle; for in Spain these altar-screens were carried by Christian
generals travelling in the campaigns against the Moors. As the
Reconquest progressed their importance increased, and we have triptycha
and pentaptycha as well as diptycha; their number multiplied as they
became richer and grander in ornament. They were connected with the
deepest religious feelings of Christian Spain, being used by the
Paladins to pray to before plunging into battle. Later, from portable
altars they became fixed altars in churches. From this time their size
and magnificence increased, the religious sentiment associated with
them explaining, as we believe, both their frequency and their
importance in the art of the period.
A selection of the most admirable altar-screens alone would make a long
list. Almost every church and all the great cathedrals furnish examples;
they are especially numerous in the churches of Catalonia and Navarre.
The altar-screen in the Romanesque church of San Feliú, though less
known than those of Zaragoza, Barcelona, Tarragona, Pampeluna, and
Burgos, is important as a very beautiful and early example of these
retablos. It is in two distinct sections, which stand upon a widely
spreading base. The first or central part is in three storeys, which are
supported by Gothic pillars, and in the nine niches stand statues of the
saints. These, as well as the bas-reliefs and carvings on the pillars,
are of great vigour, and the effect is strengthened by the admirable
painting and gilding. The second part of the screen is composed of two
wings, on which are carved the figures of the prophets, surrounded by
rich foliage. These too are painted and gilded.
Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.
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