GARCÍA HURTADO DE MENDOZA, MARQUÉS DE CAÑETE 178 PEDRO DE OÑA 191 JUAN DE CASTELLANOS 211 TITLE PAGE OF THE FIRST EDITION OF “LA ARGENTINA” 222 ANDRÉS HURTADO DE MENDOZA, MARQUÉS DE CAÑETE 226 DIEGO FERNÁNDEZ DE CÓRDOBA, MARQUÉS DE GUADALCÁZAR 239 ANTONIO DE MENDOZA, MARQUÉS DE MONDÉJAR 324 SANTA ROSA; FROM 1ST EDITION OF OVIEDO HERRERA’S “VIDA DE STA ROSA” 333 ANTONIO DE ULLOA 370 JORGE JUAN Y SANTACILLA 383 TITLE PAGE OF THE LATIN TRANSLATION OF SCHMIDEL’S “WARHAFFTIGE HISTORIEN” 401 GASPAR DE VILLARROEL 416 TITLE PAGE OF SOLÓRZANO’S “DE INDIARUM JURE” 471 JUAN DE SOLÓRZANO PEREIRA 474 AMBROSIO O’HIGGINS, MARQUÉS DE OSORNO 497 JUAN IGNACIO MOLINA 512 FRANCISCO GIL DE TABOADA Y LEMUS 558 [Illustration: Map of South America, showing (shaded) the Spanish Colonial Possessions] CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION [Sidenote: The Colonies and Spain] The literary activity of the Spanish Colonies in South America extended over a period of somewhat more than two hundred and fifty years, in which Spain organized and carried on her great colonial enterprise. In this undertaking the king, assisted by the Council of the Indies and the Casa de Contratación, held the colonies as royal dependencies. He was the common link between the ordinary government of Spain and the government of the Spanish possessions in America. Emigration to the colonies was controlled through the Casa de Contratación, while the Council of the Indies stood as the supreme governmental ministry. The occupation of the country was conducted largely as a material and spiritual conquest, in which conspicuous parts were played by soldiers and priests, the soldiers giving to the process of colonisation the appearance of a military campaign, while the activity of the priests was supported by the idea that the acceptance of the Christian doctrine transferred the Indians from barbarism to the status of civilization. [Sidenote: Spain’s agencies of control] [Sidenote: The Inquisition]