The Asteroids; Or Minor Planets Between Mars and Jupiter.Kirkwood, Daniel
Science
The Asteroids; Or Minor Planets Between Mars and Jupiter.
Kirkwood, Daniel
Asteroids
At the former of these distances an asteroid's period would be one-third
of Jupiter's, and at the latter, three-fifths. That part of the zone
included between the distances 2.30 and 2.70 contains one hundred and
ten intervals, exclusive of the maximum at the critical distance 2.50.
This gap--between Thetis and Hestia--is not only much greater than any
other of this number, but is more than sixteen times greater than their
average. The distance 3.70 falls in the wide hiatus interior to the
orbit of Ismene.
III.--Chasms corresponding to the Third Order.--The Distances 2.82,
3.58, and 3.80.
As the order of commensurability becomes less simple, the corresponding
breaks in the zone are less distinctly marked. In the present case
conjunctions with Jupiter would occur at angular intervals of 120°. The
gaps, however, are still easily perceptible. Between the distances 2.765
and 2.808 we find twenty minor planets. In the next exterior space of
equal breadth, containing the distance 2.82, there is but one. This is
No. 188, Menippe, whose elements are still somewhat uncertain. The space
between 2.851 and 2.894--that is, the part of equal extent immediately
beyond the gap--contains thirteen asteroids. The distances 3.58 and 3.80
are in the chasm between Andromache and Ismene.
IV.--The Distances 2.95, 3.51,[10] and 3.85, corresponding to the Fourth
Order of Commensurability.
The first of these distances is in the interval between Psyche and
Clytemnestra; the second and third, in that exterior to Andromache.
The nine cases considered are the only ones in which the conjunctions
with Jupiter would occur at less than five points of an asteroid's
orbit. Higher orders of commensurability may perhaps be neglected. It
will be seen, however, that the distances 2.25, 2.70, 3.03, and 3.23,
corresponding to the ratios of the fifth order, 2/7, 3/8, 4/9, and 6/11,
still afford traces of Jupiter's influence. The first is in the interval
between Augusta and Feronia; the last falls in the same gap with 3.277;
and the second and third are in breaks less distinctly marked. It may
also be worthy of notice that the rather wide interval between Prymno
and Victoria is where ten periods of a minor planet would be equal to
three of Jupiter. The distance of Medusa is somewhat uncertain.
The FACT of the existence of well-defined gaps in the designated parts
of the ring has been clearly established. But the theory of probability
applied in a single instance gives, as we have seen, but one chance in
300,000,000,000 that the distribution is accidental. This improbability
is increased many millions of times when we include all the gaps
corresponding to simple cases of commensurability. We conclude,
therefore, that those discontinuities cannot be referred to a chance
arrangement. What, then, was their physical cause? and what has become
of the eliminated asteroids?
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