[Footnote 62: Cp. Shaftesbury, _Characteristics_, Treatise ii, pt. iii, § 2 (i, 114). Guizot seems to find the process surprising: "Singulier phénomène! C'est au moment où l'Empire se brise et disparaît, que l'Eglise chrétienne se rallie et se forme définitivement. L'unité politique périt, l'unité religieuse s'élève" (_Histoire de la civilisation en France_, éd. 1874, i, 339). He does not recognise the case as one of cause and effect. Of course, the fall of the State is not necessary to set up new combinations. It suffices that men should be without political influence or national consciousness--_e.g._, the secret societies of China in recent times.] [Footnote 63: An inquiry, or series of inquiries, into the physiological side of social and political development is obviously necessary, and must be made before sociology can on this side attain much scientific precision. I know, however, no general treatise on the subject except an old essay on _Changes Produced in the Nervous System by Civilisation_, by Dr. Robert Verity (2nd ed., Edinburgh, 1839). This is suggestive, but, of course, tentative. Cp. Ferrero, _Greatness and Decline of Rome_, Eng. trans, i, 298-99.] [Footnote 64: Livy, xxxix, 8-18. See below, pt. iii. ch. iii.] [Footnote 65: Cp. Salverte, _De la Civilisation_, p. 52.] [Footnote 66: The subject is discussed in the author's essay on Mithraism in _Pagan Christs_.] [Footnote 67: M. Hochart (_Études d'histoire religieuse_, 1890, ch. ix) argues that Constantine was never really converted to Christianity; and this is perhaps the best explanation of his long postponement of his baptism.] [Footnote 68: Compare episodes in the history of the Salvation Army in England (1890), where that body was seen prepared to practise continuous fighting. It had no thought of "Christian" conciliation.] [Footnote 69: Various causes, the chief being probably Greek piracy, had caused in pre-Roman Etruria a decay of the original seaports. See Schwegler, _Römische Geschichte_, i, 273.] [Footnote 70: On this cp. Ihne, _Early Rome_, p. 6; and Mommsen, ch. iv.] [Footnote 71: This may have been set up in imitation of the Carthaginian institution of _Suffetae_, which would be well known to the Etruscans of the monarchic period, who had much traffic with Carthage. E. Meyer, _Geschichte des Alterthums_, ii, 701. But it may also be explained by the simple fact that the original army was divided into two legions (_id._ ii, 812).] [Footnote 72: On this see Montesquieu, _Grandeur des Romains_, c. 1. No one has elucidated so much of Roman history in so little space as Montesquieu has done in this little book, which Buckle rightly set above the _Esprit des Lois_. (Cp. the eulogy of Taine, in his _Tite-Live._) Its real insight may perhaps best be appreciated by comparing it with the modern work of M. Charles Gouraud, _Histoire des Causes de la Grandeur de l'Angleterre_ (1856), in which it will be hard to find any specification of real causes.]