[Footnote 73: The specification of this detail is one of the items of real explanation in Mr. Warde Fowler's scholarly and sympathetic account of the development of the Roman City-State (work cited, c. viii). He credits the Romans with an "innate genius" for combination and constitutionalism as compared with the Greeks, not noticing the fact that Roman unity was in the main a matter of conquest of non-Romans by Romans; that the conquest was furthered by the Roman institutions; that the institutions were first, so to speak, fortuitously shaped in favour of systematic war and conquest by the revolt against kingship; that war and conquest, again, were taken to almost inevitably as the main road to wealth; and that the accommodations of later times were forced on the upper classes by the career of warfare, to which domestic peace was indispensable. (Cp. Hegel as to the element of coercion and patrician policy in the Roman social system. _Philos. der Gesch._, Theil iii, Abschnitt i, Kap. i.) See below, § 6, as to the very different conditions of the Greek City-States.] [Footnote 74: E.S. Shuckburgh, _History of Rome_, 1894, p. 16.] [Footnote 75: See below, ch. iii, _end_; ch. iv, § 2 (_c_).] [Footnote 76: Cp. Livy, viii, 3-5.] [Footnote 77: Cp. Ferrero, _Greatness and Decline of Rome_, Eng. trans, i, 240.] [Footnote 78: Cp. Aristotle, _Politics_, ii, 11; vi, 5.] [Footnote 79: Already in Montesquieu's _Grandeur des Romains_ it is pointed out that for Hannibal's soldiers, loaded with plunder, anywhere was Capua. Montesquieu rightly observes that the stock phrase on that head is one of the things everybody says because it has once been said. And it is repeated still.] [Footnote 80: Livy, xxv, 40.] [Footnote 81: Cicero, _In Verrem_, iii, 6; iv, 65; v, 21, 22.] [Footnote 82: Sallust, _Bell. Jugurth._, c. 36.] [Footnote 83: Cicero, _In Verrem_, iii, 20, 38, 81; v, 34; _In Pisonem_,34-36; _Pro Flacco_, 12; _Pro Fonteio_, 5; _Pro lege Manilia_, 13. See the record in Dureau de la Malle, _Econ. polit. des Romains_, 1840, vol. ii, liv. iv, ch. 8. Cp. Ferrero, i, 113-14, 183.] [Footnote 84: Cp. Long, _Decline of the Roman Republic_, ii. 78-81, and Merivale, _General History of Rome_, pp. 299-300, as to the plunder and annexation of Cyprus. "Whether the annals of British India contain so foul a crime," writes Long, "I leave those to determine who know more of Indian affairs than I do."] [Footnote 85: An admission that national "character" is not a connatural or fixed bias, but a simple function of variables.] [Footnote 86: Teuffel, _Hist. of Roman Literature_, ed. Schwabe, Eng. trans. i, 122 (§ 91).] [Footnote 87: See the process traced in W.A. Schmidt's _Geschichte der Denk und Glaubensfreiheit im ersten Jahrhundert der Kaiserherrschaft und des Christenthums_, 1847.] [Footnote 88: Polybius, vi, 51. See below, ch. iv, § 1 (11).]