[Footnote 89: I am aware that Mr. Bury protests against this division; but his own difficulty in calling the middle (Byzantine) Empire the "later Roman Empire," while implicitly accepting the "Holy" Empire as _another_ "later Roman Empire," is the best proof that the established nomenclature is the most convenient. Nobody is misled by it. A compromise might perhaps be made on the form "Greek Empire," contended for by M. Sathes (_Monumenta Historiæ Hellenicæ_, i, pref. p. 5), following on M. Rambaud.] [Footnote 90: As cited below, pt. v, ch. i.] [Footnote 91: Salvian, for instance, sees in the barbarian irruption a punishment of Christian sins; he never dreams of asking the cause of the Christian and pre-Christian corruption. Prudentius, again, is a thorough imperialist. See the critique and citations of M. Boissier, _La Fin du Paganisme_, ii, 136-141,407. Origen had set the note a century before Constantine (_Contra Celsum_, viii, 68-72).] CHAPTER III GREEK POLITICAL EVOLUTION The politico-economic history of Greece has been less cleared up than that of Rome, by reason not only of the greater complexity of the problem, but of the predominance of literary specialism in Greek studies. The modern Greek historian, Paparrigopoulo, has published in French an _Histoire de la Civilisation hellénique_ (Paris, 1878), which condenses his learned Greek work in five volumes; but the general view, though sometimes suggestive, is both scanty and superficial as regards ancient Greek history, and runs to an unprofitable effort at showing the "unity" of all Hellenic history, Pagan and Christian, in terms of an assumed conception of Hellenic character. The posthumous _Griechische Culturgeschichte_ of Jakob Burckhardt (1898) throws little light on social evolution. Trustworthy, weighty, and lucid, like all Burckhardt's work, it is rather a survey of Greek moral conditions than a study of social development, thus adding something of synthesis to the previous scholarly literature on the subject without reducing the phenomena to any theory of causation. It includes, however, good studies of vital social developments, such as slavery, to which Grote and Thirlwall paid surprisingly little attention, and which Mahaffy handles inadequately. This is also to be studied in W.R. Patterson's _Nemesis of Nations_ (1907)--with some caution as regards the political generalisations.