Aside from the adequacy of this explanation of the universe for the times, the attitude of the Church Fathers on the matter was to a large degree responsible for this acquiescence. Early in the first century A.D., Philo Judæus[35] emphasized the minor importance of visible objects compared with intellectual matters,--a foundation stone in the Church's theory of an homocentric universe. Clement of Alexandria (c. 150 A.D.) calls the heavens solid since what is solid is capable of being perceived by the senses.[36] Origen (c. 185-c. 254.) has recourse to the Holy Scriptures to support his notion that the sun, moon, and stars are living beings obeying God's commands.[37] Then Lactantius thunders against those who discuss the universe as comparable to people discussing "the character of a city they have never seen, and whose name only they know." "Such matters cannot be found out by inquiry."[38] The existence of the antipodes and the rotundity of the earth are "marvelous fictions," and philosophers are "defending one absurd opinion by another"[39] when in explanation why bodies would not fall off a spherical earth, they claim these are borne to the center. [Footnote 35: Philo Judæus: _Quis Rerum Divinarum Hæres._ (IV, 7).] [Footnote 36: Clement of Alexandria: _Stromatum_, Lib. V, c. 14, (III, 67).] [Footnote 37: Origen: _De Principiis_, Lib. I, c. 7, (XI, 171).] [Footnote 38: Lactantius: _Divinarum Institutionum_, Lib. III, c. 3 (VI, 355).] [Footnote 39: Ibid: Lib. III, c. 24, (VI, 425-428).] How clearly even this brief review illustrates what Henry Osborn Taylor calls[40] the fundamental principles of patristic faith: that the will of God is the one cause of all things (voluntate Dei immobilis manet et stat in sæculum terra.[41] Ambrose: _Hexæmeron_.) and that this will is unsearchable. He further points out that Augustine's and Ambrose's sole interest in natural fact is as "confirmatory evidence of Scriptural truth." The great Augustine therefore denies the existence of antipodes since they could not be peopled by Adam's children.[42] He indifferently remarks elsewhere:[43] "What concern is it to me whether the heavens as a sphere enclose the earth in the middle of the world or overhang it on either side?" Augustine does, however, dispute the claims of astrologers accurately to foretell the future by the stars, since the fates of twins or those born at the same moment are so diverse.[44] [Footnote 40: Taylor: _Mediæval Mind_, I, 74.] [Footnote 41: By the will of God the earth remains motionless and stands throughout the age.] [Footnote 42: Augustine: _De Civitate Dei_, Lib. XVI, c. 9, (41, p. 437).] [Footnote 43: Augustine: _De Genesi_, II, c. 9, (v. 34, p. 270). (White's translation).] [Footnote 44: Augustine: _Civitate Dei_, Lib. V, c. 5, (v. 41, p. 145).]